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Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Dolly Varden (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Dolly Varden. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors and hospitals were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Dolly Varden is located in Clark County.

To see how the shape of Ohio's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Clark County: Champaign, Greene, Madison, Miami & Montgomery.

Below are the counties that are near Dolly Varden. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Dolly Varden:

  • Clark County     (The home county of Dolly Varden)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • South Charleston
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
    • Lisbon
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Lisbon is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lisbon
    • Cortsville
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Cortsville is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cortsville
    • Kenwood Heights
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Kenwood Heights is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kenwood Heights
    • Shawnee Acres
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
      • Shawnee Acres is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shawnee Acres
    • South Vienna
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Green Hedges
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
      • Green Hedges is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Green Hedges
    • Springfield
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northwest)
    • Greenlawn Village
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Greenlawn Village is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenlawn Village
    • Oakwood Village
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Oakwood Village is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakwood Village
    • Villa
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Villa is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Villa
    • New Moorefield
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the north)
      • New Moorefield is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Moorefield
    • Limestone City
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Limestone City is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Limestone City
  • Champaign County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Powhattan
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the north)
      • Powhattan is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Powhattan
    • Mutual
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the north)
      • Mutual is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mutual
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 102 people
    • Mechanicsburg
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Urbana
      (18 miles [29 km] to the north)
      • Urbana is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Urbana
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 11,415 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Urbana <1>
    • Westville
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Westville is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westville
    • Kingscreek
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
      • Kingscreek is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kingscreek
    • Christiansburg
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Woodstock
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
      • Woodstock is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodstock
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 288 people
    • Millerstown
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Millerstown is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Millerstown
    • Saint Paris
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
    • Mingo
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the north)
    • North Lewisburg
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the north)
    • Carysville
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Carysville is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Carysville
  • Clinton County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Port William
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
      • Port William is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Port William
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 247 people
    • Sabina
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the south)
    • New Burlington
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
      • New Burlington is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Burlington
    • Clinton
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the south)
      • Clinton is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clinton
    • North Kingman
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southwest)
      • North Kingman is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Kingman
    • Wilmington
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the south)
    • Lees Creek
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the south)
      • Lees Creek is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lees Creek
    • Memphis
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the south)
      • Memphis is located in Clinton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Memphis
  • Fayette County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Jeffersonville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Octa
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
      • Octa is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Octa
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 59 people
    • Yatesville
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Yatesville is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Yatesville
    • Milledgeville
      (18 miles [29 km] to the south)
      • Milledgeville is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Milledgeville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 108 people
    • Hagler
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
      • Hagler is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hagler
    • Bloomingburg
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southeast)
    • Cook
      (23 miles [37 km] to the southeast)
      • Cook is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cook
      • Cook has also been known as:
      • Cook Station
    • Washington Court House
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
    • Washington
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Washington is located in Fayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Washington
  • Franklin County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Darby Park ‑ Historic
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
      • Darby Park is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Darby Park
    • Lake Darby
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
      • Lake Darby is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Darby
    • Darbydale
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the east)
      • Darbydale is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Darbydale
    • Harrisburg
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the east)
    • Alton
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
      • Alton is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Alton
    • Galloway
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
    • Lincoln Village
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
      • Lincoln Village is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lincoln Village
    • Mudsock ‑ Historic
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
      • Mudsock is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mudsock
    • New Rome
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
      • New Rome is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Rome
    • Pleasant Corners
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
      • Pleasant Corners is located in Franklin County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pleasant Corners
  • Greene County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Clifton
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
    • Grape Grove
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
      • Grape Grove is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grape Grove
    • Cedarville
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southwest)
    • Yellow Springs
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the west)
    • Jamestown
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the south)
    • Wilberforce
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the southwest)
    • Shawnee Hills
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
      • Shawnee Hills is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shawnee Hills
    • New Jasper
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southwest)
      • New Jasper is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Jasper
    • Pinewood Village
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Pinewood Village is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pinewood Village
    • Xenia
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Xenia is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Xenia
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 27,081 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Xenia <1>
    • Fairborn
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the west)
    • Bowersville
      (18 miles [29 km] to the south)
      • Bowersville is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bowersville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 332 people
    • Trebein
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
      • Trebein is located in Greene County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Trebein
      • Trebein has also been known as:
      • Beaver Station
      • Beaver
      • Frost Station
      • Pickeneyville
      • Pinckneyvile
  • Logan County
    • West Liberty
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
  • Madison County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • South Solon
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
      • South Solon is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Solon
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 362 people
    • Summerford
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Summerford is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Summerford
    • London
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the east)
    • Choctaw Lake
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Choctaw Lake is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Choctaw Lake
    • Midway
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the southeast)
    • Deer Creek Village ‑ Historic
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Deer Creek Village is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Deer Creek Village
    • Chrisman
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the east)
      • Chrisman is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chrisman
    • Range
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Range is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Range
    • Plumwood
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northeast)
      • Plumwood is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Plumwood
    • Gillivan
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Gillivan is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gillivan
    • Jefferson
      (23 miles [37 km] to the east)
      • Jefferson is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jefferson
    • West Jefferson
      (23 miles [37 km] to the east)
      • West Jefferson is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Jefferson
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 4,482 people
    • Chuckery
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
      • Chuckery is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chuckery
  • Miami County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Alcony
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Alcony is located in Miami County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Alcony
    • Casstown
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
    • Conover
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Conover is located in Miami County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Conover
    • Lena
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Lena is located in Miami County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lena
    • Ginghamsburg
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
      • Ginghamsburg is located in Miami County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ginghamsburg
    • Tipp City
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
    • Fletcher
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Fletcher is located in Miami County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fletcher
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 486 people
  • Montgomery County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Sulphur Grove
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the west)
      • Sulphur Grove is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sulphur Grove
    • Huber Heights
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the west)
    • Riverside
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
    • Hooks Corner
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the west)
      • Hooks Corner is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hooks Corner
    • Tadmor ‑ Historic
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
      • Tadmor is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tadmor
    • Northridge
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Northridge is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Northridge
    • Oakwood
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Oakwood is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakwood
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 8,919 people
    • Kettering
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
    • Dayton
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
      • Dayton is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dayton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 139,907 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Dayton <1>
    • Riverdale
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
      • Riverdale is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Riverdale
    • Vandalia
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
    • Centerville
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southwest)
    • Shiloh
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
      • Shiloh is located in Montgomery County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shiloh
  • Pickaway County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Orient
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
    • Grange Hall
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southeast)
      • Grange Hall is located in Pickaway County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grange Hall
    • New Holland
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southeast)
  • Shelby County
    • Riverside
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
      • Riverside is located in Shelby County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Riverside
  • Union County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Milford Center
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
    • Unionville Center
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Unionville Center is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Unionville Center
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 229 people
  • Warren County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.
    • Harveysburg
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southwest)
      • Harveysburg is located in Warren County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harveysburg
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 569 people
    • Corwin
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)
    • Waynesville
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Dolly Varden, see our County-by-County Page for Dolly Varden.

Cemeteries Near Dolly Varden ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Dolly Varden.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Dolly Varden - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Dolly Varden covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.

  • Buffenbarger Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Pleasant Grove Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Old Quaker Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the south)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Old Quaker Cemetery
    • The Old Quaker Cemetery has also been known as:
    • First Green Plain Friends Cemetery
    • Green Plain Hicksite Cemetery
    • Hicksite Little Brick Cemetery
  • Selma Methodist Episcopal Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Rose Hill Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
  • Methodist Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Greenlawn Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • St. Charles Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Lisbon Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northeast)
  • Fletcher Chapel Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
  • Garlough Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
  • Pitchin Methodist Church Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
  • Continue List   (504 more) ...
    • Bloxom Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
    • Tuttle Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
    • Calvary Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Dolly Varden in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Dolly Varden.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Dolly Varden, with the one closest to Dolly Varden listed first.

  • Thorps
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the north)
    • Thorps is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Thorps
  • Selma
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
    • Selma is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Selma
  • South Charleston
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Pitchin
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
    • Pitchin is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pitchin
  • Oxtoby ‑ Historic
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
    • Oxtoby is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oxtoby
  • Plattsburg
    (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
    • Plattsburg is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Plattsburg
  • Gladstone
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
    • Gladstone is located in Greene County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gladstone
  • Clifton
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
  • Florence
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the east)
    • Florence is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Florence
  • Lagonda
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
    • Lagonda is located in Clark County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lagonda
  • Grape Grove
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
    • Grape Grove is located in Greene County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grape Grove
  • South Solon
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
    • South Solon is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Solon
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 362 people
  • Continue List   (13 more) ...
    • Springfield
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northwest)
    • Beatty
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
      • Beatty is located in Clark County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Beatty
    • Cedarville
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southwest)

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Dolly Varden. See our List of 1890's Communities around Dolly Varden.

Newspapers Published in Dolly Varden ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 67 newspapers that have been published in the area around Dolly Varden.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Dolly Varden, there are papers which were published within 16 miles [25.7 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Dolly Varden.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we like to start with the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These professional and volunteer websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Dolly Varden:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Dolly Varden, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Dolly Varden) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.