Our Genealogy Helper
Introduction ...
So far, we found very little information about Tip Top. The little that we've found leads us believe that the community is historic.<1>
We've added Tip Top to our Gazetteer with the hope that we can develop more information. If you can help us with Tip Top, please Contact Us.
We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:
- That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
- We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
- On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.
By learning about Tip Top (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.
As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Tip Top. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.
Name Variations for Tip Top ...
When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.
Although we can't give a definitive list, hopefully the following will give you a feel for the variations that might have occurred.
Another variation: Tiptop.
If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.
Neighboring Counties ...
When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.
For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the northwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most hospitals were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the north.
So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived: their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the north contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.
If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.
Although our information shows that the community of Tip Top is historic, it would have been located within present day Chester County.
To see how the shape of South Carolina's counties have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.
The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Chester County: Fairfield, Lancaster, Union & York.
Below are the counties that are near Tip Top. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Tip Top:
- Chester County (The home county of Tip Top)
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Richburg
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
- Cornwell
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Cornwell. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cornwell
- Cornwell is located in Chester County
- Lando
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the north)
- Eureka Mill
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the northwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Eureka Mill
- Eureka Mill is located in Chester County
- Blackstock
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
- Chester
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
- Fort Lawn
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the east)
- Edgemoor
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the north)
- Gayle Mill
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Gayle Mill have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gayle Mill
- Gayle Mill is located in Chester County
- Smith
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smith
- Smith is located in Chester County
- Great Falls
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
- Lowrys
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the northwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lowrys have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lowrys
- Lowrys is located in Chester County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 195 people
- Fairfield County
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Mitford
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mitford
- Mitford is located in Fairfield County
- Woodward
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Woodward. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodward
- Woodward is located in Fairfield County
- White Oak
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
- Adger
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Adger. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Adger
- Adger is located in Fairfield County
- Winnsboro
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the south)
- Winnsboro Mills
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Winnsboro Mills have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Winnsboro Mills
- Winnsboro Mills is located in Fairfield County
- Rion
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the south)
- Blair
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
- Ridgeway
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
- Monticello
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Monticello
- Monticello is located in Fairfield County
- Smallwood
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smallwood
- Smallwood is located in Fairfield County
- Jenkinsville
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
- Kershaw County
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Liberty Hill
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
- Kershaw
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
- Westville
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the southeast)
- Lancaster County
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Bell Town
(12 miles [19.3 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Bell Town have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bell Town
- Bell Town is located in Lancaster County
- Irwin
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Irwin have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Irwin
- Irwin is located in Lancaster County
- Caskey
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Caskey. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Caskey
- Caskey is located in Lancaster County
- Riverside
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Riverside. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Riverside
- Riverside is located in Lancaster County
- Lancaster Mill
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lancaster Mill have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lancaster Mill
- Lancaster Mill is located in Lancaster County
- Lancaster
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the east)
- Van Wyck
(18 miles [29 km] to the northeast)
- Elgin
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Elgin
- Elgin is located in Lancaster County
- Pleasant Hill
(21 miles [33.8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pleasant Hill
- Pleasant Hill is located in Lancaster County
- Camp Creek
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Camp Creek
- Camp Creek is located in Lancaster County
- Heath Springs
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the east)
- Oakhurst
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the east)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Oakhurst. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakhurst
- Oakhurst is located in Lancaster County
- Newberry County
- Glymphville
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Glymphville. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glymphville
- Glymphville is located in Newberry County
- Union County
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Carlisle
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the west)
- Lockhart
(23 miles [37 km] to the west)
- Meador ‑ Historic
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Meador have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Meador
- Meador is located in Union County
- Tuckertown
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tuckertown
- Tuckertown is located in Union County
- Bailey Town ‑ Historic
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Bailey Town have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bailey Town
- Bailey Town is located in Union County
- Red Town ‑ Historic
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Red Town have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Red Town
- Red Town is located in Union County
- Sartor Town
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Sartor Town have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sartor Town
- Sartor Town is located in Union County
- Delta
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the west)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Delta. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Delta
- Delta is located in Union County
- York County
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Catawba
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the northeast)
- Roddey
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Roddey
- Roddey is located in York County
- Roddey has also been known as:
- Coates Tavern
- McConnells
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
- Lesslie
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Lesslie. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lesslie
- Lesslie is located in York County
- Rock Hill
(18 miles [29 km] to the north)
- Newport
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Newport
- Newport is located in York County
- Blairsville
(23 miles [37 km] to the northwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Blairsville
- Blairsville is located in York County
- Fort Mill
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
- India Hook
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for India Hook. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for India Hook
- India Hook is located in York County
- Riverview
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Riverview have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Riverview
- Riverview is located in York County
- York
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
- Sharon
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northwest)
- Mecklenburg County (NC)
- Pineville
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
- Union County (NC)
- The following are listed by their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Jaars
(23 miles [37 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Jaars have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jaars
- Jaars is located in Union County (NC)
- Waxhaw
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
- Jackson
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Jackson have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jackson
- Jackson is located in Union County (NC)
- Marvin
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Marvin have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Marvin
- Marvin is located in Union County (NC)
- Population from the 2020 Census: 6,920 people
- Mineral Springs
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Mineral Springs have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mineral Springs
- Mineral Springs is located in Union County (NC)
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,171 people
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Mineral Springs <2>
For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Tip Top, see our County-by-County Page for Tip Top.
Cemeteries Near Tip Top ...
Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Tip Top.
This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.
If you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our selection of Genealogy Websites (see below).
If not found below, our Cemetery List for Tip Top covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.
The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Mt. Moriah Cemetery
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Mt. Moriah Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Mt. Moriah Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #70749 <5>
- Gold Mine Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Gold Mine Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Gold Mine Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- William Martin Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the William Martin Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the William Martin Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Anderson Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Anderson Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Anderson Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Blakles, Caldwells & Strouds Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Blakles, Caldwells & Strouds Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Blakles, Caldwells & Strouds Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Ararat Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Ararat Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Ararat Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Hopewell Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Hopewell Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Hopewell Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Old Purity Cemetery
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Old Purity Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Old Purity Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Guest Assembly Cemetery
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Guest Assembly Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Guest Assembly Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Aimwell Cemetery
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Aimwell Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Aimwell Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Browns - Strouds Cemetery
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Browns - Strouds Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Browns - Strouds Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Mt. Hebron Cemetery
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Mt. Hebron Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Mt. Hebron Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Continue List (206 more) ...
- Blackstock Cemetery
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Blackstock Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Blackstock Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Richmond Covenanter Cemetery
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Richmond Covenanter Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Richmond Covenanter Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Howze Cemetery
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Howze Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Howze Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
Nearby Communities in 1895 ...
We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.
While we didn't find Tip Top in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Tip Top.
These communities are listed based on their distance from Tip Top, with the one closest to Tip Top listed first.
- Wellridge
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Wellridge have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wellridge
- Wellridge is located in Chester County
- Richburg
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
- Orrs
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Orrs have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Orrs
- Orrs is located in Chester County
- Knox
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Knox have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Knox
- Knox is located in Chester County
- Rossville
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Rossville have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rossville
- Rossville is located in Chester County
- Bascomville
(5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Bascomville have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bascomville
- Bascomville is located in Chester County
- Cornwell
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Cornwell. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cornwell
- Cornwell is located in Chester County
- Rodman
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the north)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Rodman have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rodman
- Rodman is located in Chester County
- Blackstock
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
- Chester
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
- Fort Lawn
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the east)
- Smith
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smith
- Smith is located in Chester County
- Continue List (17 more) ...
- Woodward
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Woodward. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodward
- Woodward is located in Fairfield County
- White Oak
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
- Landsford
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Landsford have been provided by the GNIS.<4> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Landsford
- Landsford is located in Chester County
We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Tip Top. See our List of 1890's Communities around Tip Top.
Newspapers Published in Tip Top ...
An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).
To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.
Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 55 newspapers that have been published in the area around Tip Top.
Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Tip Top, there are papers which were published within 19 miles [30.6 km]<6>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Tip Top.
Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...
When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites either offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.
To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Tip Top:
- Websites specific to South Carolina
- Pages specific to Chester County
- Genealogy information for nearby counties
- Fairfield County
- Kershaw County
- Lancaster County
- Newberry County
- Union County
- York County
- Mecklenburg County
- Union County
- Cemetery Information and Directories for South Carolina
Off-the-Road Links ...
The official website for State of South Carolina: https://sc.gov/
Footnotes ...
<1> | We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Tip Top, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy. |
<2> | While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program. |
<3> | An 'estimated' location is one where we have been given GPS coordinates, but are unable to verify the accuracy of those coordinates. That said, we have some confidence that we have placed the marker near the actual location. A typical reason for being unable to verify a location is that it might be on private property or maybe historic and gone without an obvious trace. |
<4> | The location has been supplied by the Geographic Names Information System - which is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). While these values should be definitive, we found that accuracy can vary and you should double-check the location if accuracy is required. |
<5> | The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com. |
<6> | Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Tip Top) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point in Tip Top. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 34.6615, Longitude: -81.0684 In this case, the coordinates for Tip Top have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). |