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Home >> State of Ohio >> Richland County >> Lincoln Heights >> Genealogy HelperIndex...

Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Lincoln Heights (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Lincoln Heights. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Name Variations for Lincoln Heights ...

When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.

For example, a typical abbreviation for Lincoln Heights: Lincoln Hts. (in Canada, 'Hgts.' is the more common abbreviation.)

You might be interested in other communities that are also named Lincoln Heights. More information can be found on our Tidbits & Trivia Page for Lincoln Heights.

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Lincoln Heights is located in Richland County.

To see how the shape of Ohio's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Richland County: Ashland, Crawford, Huron, Knox & Morrow.

Below are the counties that are near Lincoln Heights. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Lincoln Heights:

  • Richland County     (The home county of Lincoln Heights)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Mansfield
      (Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
    • Lucas
      (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
    • Alta
      (5 miles [8 km] to the southwest)
      • Alta is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Alta
    • Hanley Village
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Hanley Village is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hanley Village
    • Ontario
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
    • Maybee
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
      • Maybee is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Maybee
    • Olivesburg
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the north)
      • Olivesburg is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Olivesburg
    • Lexington
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
    • Shenandoah
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the north)
      • Shenandoah is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shenandoah
    • Ganges
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Ganges is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ganges
    • Bellville
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the south)
      • Bellville is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bellville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,935 people
      • Bellville has also been known as:
      • McClures Settlement
      • McClure
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Bellville <1>
    • Newville
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Newville is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Newville
  • Ashland County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Mifflin
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
      • Mifflin is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mifflin
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 135 people
    • Hayesville
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the east)
      • Hayesville is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hayesville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 459 people
    • Ashland
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northeast)
    • Perrysville
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the southeast)
    • McKay
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the east)
      • McKay is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for McKay
    • Bailey Lakes
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Bailey Lakes is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bailey Lakes
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 364 people
    • Savannah
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
    • Jeromesville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the east)
    • Loudonville
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southeast)
    • Rowsburg
      (18 miles [29 km] to the east)
      • Rowsburg is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rowsburg
    • Ruggles
      (18 miles [29 km] to the north)
      • Ruggles is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ruggles
    • Polk
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northeast)
      • Polk is located in Ashland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Polk
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 331 people
  • Champaign County
    • Rochester
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
      • Rochester is located in Champaign County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rochester
  • Crawford County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Crestline
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the west)
    • Leesville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the west)
      • Leesville is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leesville
    • Galion
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the west)
    • Tiro
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Tiro is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tiro
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 262 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Tiro <1>
    • North Robinson
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • North Robinson is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Robinson
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 198 people
    • North Auburn
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the northwest)
      • North Auburn is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Auburn
    • New Washington
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northwest)
    • Bucyrus
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
    • Chatfield
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Chatfield is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chatfield
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 178 people
    • Broken Sword
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the west)
      • Broken Sword is located in Crawford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Broken Sword
      • Broken Sword has also been known as:
      • Bloody Corners
      • Porterville
      • Wingarts Corners
      • Wingert Corners
      • Wingerts Corners
  • Holmes County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Nashville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Nashville is located in Holmes County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nashville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 183 people
    • Miley Crossroads
      (23 miles [37 km] to the southeast)
      • Miley Crossroads is located in Holmes County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Miley Crossroads
    • Glenmont
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southeast)
    • Stillwell
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Stillwell is located in Holmes County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Stillwell
    • Holmesville
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
  • Huron County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Greenwich
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
    • Delphi
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the north)
      • Delphi is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Delphi
    • New Haven
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the northwest)
      • New Haven is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Haven
    • New London
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the north)
    • Coble Village
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Coble Village is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Coble Village
    • Fitchville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
      • Fitchville is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fitchville
    • Celeryville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Celeryville is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Celeryville
    • North Fairfield
      (23 miles [37 km] to the north)
      • North Fairfield is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Fairfield
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 531 people
    • Willard
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northwest)
    • Steuben
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the northwest)
      • Steuben is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Steuben
    • Olena
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
      • Olena is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Olena
    • Hartland
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the north)
      • Hartland is located in Huron County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hartland
  • Knox County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Palmyra
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
      • Palmyra is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Palmyra
    • North Liberty
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
      • North Liberty is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Liberty
    • Batemantown
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Batemantown is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Batemantown
    • Nunda
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Nunda is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nunda
    • Jelloway
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southeast)
      • Jelloway is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jelloway
    • Fredericktown
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
    • Amity
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the south)
      • Amity is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Amity
    • Dorema
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
      • Dorema is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dorema
    • Lucerne ‑ Historic
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
      • Lucerne is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lucerne
    • Green Valley
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the south)
      • Green Valley is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Green Valley
    • Buckeye City
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Buckeye City is located in Knox County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Buckeye City
    • Danville
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
  • Lorain County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Rochester
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
      • Rochester is located in Lorain County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rochester
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 175 people
    • Huntington
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Huntington is located in Lorain County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Huntington
    • Brighton
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Brighton is located in Lorain County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brighton
    • Wellington
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
  • Marion County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Martel
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
      • Martel is located in Marion County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Martel
    • Caledonia
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
  • Medina County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Homer
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Homer is located in Medina County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Homer
    • Pawnee
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Pawnee is located in Medina County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pawnee
    • Spencer
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
    • Lodi
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Lodi is located in Medina County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lodi
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,913 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Lodi <1>
    • River Corners
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
      • River Corners is located in Medina County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for River Corners
  • Morrow County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Blooming Grove
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the west)
      • Blooming Grove is located in Morrow County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Blooming Grove
    • West Point
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
      • West Point is located in Morrow County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Point
    • Iberia
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the west)
      • Iberia is located in Morrow County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Iberia
    • Chesterville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southwest)
    • Mount Gilead
      (23 miles [37 km] to the southwest)
    • Edison
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
    • Fulton
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
    • Cardington
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southwest)
    • Sparta
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southwest)
    • Bloomfield
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)
      • Bloomfield is located in Morrow County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bloomfield
    • Marengo
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)
  • Seneca County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Carrothers
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Carrothers is located in Seneca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Carrothers
    • Caroline
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Caroline is located in Seneca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Caroline
    • Attica Junction
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Attica Junction is located in Seneca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Attica Junction
    • Attica
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
  • Wayne County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.
    • Funk
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the east)
      • Funk is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Funk
    • Lattasburg
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the east)
      • Lattasburg is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lattasburg
    • New Pittsburg
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the east)
      • New Pittsburg is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Pittsburg
    • West Salem
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northeast)
    • Jefferson
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the east)
      • Jefferson is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jefferson
    • Shreve
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the east)
    • Congress
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
      • Congress is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Congress
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 177 people
    • Millbrook
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
      • Millbrook is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Millbrook
    • Devil Town
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the east)
      • Devil Town is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Devil Town
    • Aukerman
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Aukerman is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Aukerman
    • Moreland
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
      • Moreland is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Moreland
    • Wooster
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Lincoln Heights, see our County-by-County Page for Lincoln Heights.

Cemeteries Near Lincoln Heights ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Lincoln Heights.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Lincoln Heights - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Lincoln Heights covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.

  • Painter Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Lantz Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southeast)
  • Petit Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the east)
  • Ohio State Reformatory Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the northwest)
  • Mansfield Catholic Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mansfield Catholic Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Mansfield Catholic Cemetery is a large cemetery that is located in Mansfield.
    • The Mansfield Catholic Cemetery has also been known as:
    • St. Peter Cemetery
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2308520 <2>
  • Mansfield Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mansfield Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Mansfield Cemetery is a very large cemetery that is located in Mansfield.
    • The Mansfield Cemetery has also been known as:
    • Mansfield City Cemetery
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #1977519 <2>
  • Emanuel Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southeast)
  • Windsor Park Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
  • Pleasant Grove Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Pittenger Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
  • Caesarea Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
  • Zeiter Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
  • Continue List   (502 more) ...
    • Koogle Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
    • Milton Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Clay Memorial Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Lincoln Heights in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Lincoln Heights.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Lincoln Heights, with the one closest to Lincoln Heights listed first.

  • Mansfield
    (Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
  • Pavonia
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Pavonia is located in Richland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pavonia
  • Lucas
    (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
  • Epworth
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
    • Epworth is located in Richland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Epworth
  • Mifflin
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
    • Mifflin is located in Ashland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mifflin
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 135 people
  • Spring Mill
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
    • Spring Mill is located in Richland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Spring Mill
  • Ontario
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
  • Paradise Hill
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Paradise Hill is located in Ashland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Paradise Hill
  • Toledo Junction
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
    • Toledo Junction is located in Richland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Toledo Junction
  • Lexington
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
  • Hastings
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
    • Hastings is located in Richland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hastings
  • Widowville
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
    • Widowville is located in Ashland County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Widowville
  • Continue List   (15 more) ...
    • Olivesburg
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the north)
      • Olivesburg is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Olivesburg
    • Shenandoah
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the north)
      • Shenandoah is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shenandoah
    • Bellville
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the south)
      • Bellville is located in Richland County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bellville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,935 people
      • Bellville has also been known as:
      • McClures Settlement
      • McClure
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Bellville <1>

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Lincoln Heights. See our List of 1890's Communities around Lincoln Heights.

Newspapers Published in Lincoln Heights ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 163 newspapers that have been published in the area around Lincoln Heights.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Lincoln Heights, there are papers which were published within 20 miles [32.2 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Lincoln Heights.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Lincoln Heights:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Lincoln Heights, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Lincoln Heights) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.