RoadsideThoughts
A Gazetteer for the United States and Canada
Home >> State of Pennsylvania >> Erie County >> Kidders Corner >> Genealogy HelperIndex...










Learn About
The Commemorative
Quarter for
Pennsylvania


The Commemorative Quarter for Pennsylvania







Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Kidders Corner (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Kidders Corner. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Name Variations for Kidders Corner ...

When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.

Although we can't give a definitive list, hopefully the following will give you a feel for the variations that might have occurred.

  • A typical abbreviation for Kidders Corner: Kidders Cor. (or less commonly used: Kidders Crn.)
  • While the name of this community is Kidders Corner, be aware that it's the common practice of mapmakers to remove the apostrophe from possessive names<1>. So Kidders Corner may originally have been Kidder's Corner.

    Sometimes the trailing 's' might be dropped altogether, in which case Kidders Corner might be written as Kidder Corner.

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the northeast corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors were in the next county to the east. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the north.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the east contained birth and death records; the county to the north contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Kidders Corner is located in Erie County.

To see how the shape of Pennsylvania's counties have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Erie County: Chautauqua (NY), Ashtabula (OH), Crawford (OH) & Warren (OH).

Below are the counties that are near Kidders Corner. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Kidders Corner:

  • Erie County     (The home county of Kidders Corner)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Kidders Corner, with the one closest to Kidders Corner listed first.
    • Cranesville
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the east)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cranesville have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cranesville
      • Cranesville is located in Erie County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 594 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Cranesville <3>
    • Albion
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southeast)
    • Cherry Hill
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the west)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cherry Hill
      • Cherry Hill is located in Erie County
    • East Springfield
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
    • Platea
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Platea have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Platea
      • Platea is located in Erie County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 397 people
    • Pennside
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pennside
      • Pennside is located in Erie County
    • Little Elk
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Little Elk
      • Little Elk is located in Erie County
    • Lake City
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the north)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake City
      • Lake City is located in Erie County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,836 people
    • Francis
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Francis have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Francis
      • Francis is located in Erie County
    • Girard
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Girard have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Girard
      • Girard is located in Erie County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,897 people
    • Franklin Center
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the east)
    • Avonia
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Avonia have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Avonia
      • Avonia is located in Erie County
  • Crawford County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Kidders Corner, with the one closest to Kidders Corner listed first.
    • Springboro
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Springboro have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Springboro
      • Springboro is located in Crawford County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 444 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Springboro <3>
    • Conneautville
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the south)
    • Crossingville
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Crossingville have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Crossingville
      • Crossingville is located in Crawford County
    • Dicksonburg
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dicksonburg
      • Dicksonburg is located in Crawford County
    • Norrisville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Norrisville
      • Norrisville is located in Crawford County
    • Coons Corners
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Coons Corners
      • Coons Corners is located in Crawford County
    • Harmonsburg
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harmonsburg
      • Harmonsburg is located in Crawford County
    • Linesville
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Linesville have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Linesville
      • Linesville is located in Crawford County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 965 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Linesville <3>
    • Pymatuning North
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Pymatuning North. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<4>
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pymatuning North
      • Pymatuning North is located in Crawford County
    • Venango
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Venango have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Venango
      • Venango is located in Crawford County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 247 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Venango <3>
    • Watson Run
      (18 miles [29 km] to the south)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Watson Run
      • Watson Run is located in Crawford County
    • Saegertown
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Saegertown have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saegertown
      • Saegertown is located in Crawford County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 938 people
  • Mercer County
    • Jamestown
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the south)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Jamestown have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jamestown
      • Jamestown is located in Mercer County
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 568 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Jamestown <3>
  • York County
    • Adamsville
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the south)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Adamsville
      • Adamsville is located in York County
  • Ashtabula County (OH)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Kidders Corner, with the one closest to Kidders Corner listed first.
    • Conneaut
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Conneaut
      • Conneaut is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 12,237 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Conneaut <3>
    • North Kingsville
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for North Kingsville have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Kingsville
      • North Kingsville is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,779 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for North Kingsville <3>
    • Kingsville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the west)
    • Richmond Center
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Richmond Center have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Richmond Center
      • Richmond Center is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
    • Crestlawn Village
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Crestlawn Village have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Crestlawn Village
      • Crestlawn Village is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
    • Edgewood
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Edgewood have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Edgewood
      • Edgewood is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
    • Parkwood Village
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Parkwood Village have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Parkwood Village
      • Parkwood Village is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
    • Ashtabula
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the west)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ashtabula
      • Ashtabula is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 17,917 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Ashtabula <3>
    • Dorset
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southwest)
    • Andover
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Andover have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Andover
      • Andover is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,088 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Andover <3>
    • Jefferson
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southwest)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jefferson
      • Jefferson is located in Ashtabula County (OH)
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,977 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Jefferson <3>
    • Rowenton
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southwest)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Rowenton have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rowenton
      • Rowenton is located in Ashtabula County (OH)

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Kidders Corner, see our County-by-County Page for Kidders Corner.

Newspapers Published in Kidders Corner ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 112 newspapers that have been published in the area around Kidders Corner.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Kidders Corner, there are papers which were published within 21 miles [33.8 km]<5>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Kidders Corner.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These professional and volunteer websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Kidders Corner:

Cemeteries Near Kidders Corner ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Kidders Corner.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

If you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our selection of Genealogy Websites (see below).

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Kidders Corner covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Kidders Corner, with the one closest to Kidders Corner listed first.

  • Salsbury Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the north)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Salsbury Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Salsbury Cemetery
  • Randall Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southeast)
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Randall Cemetery is located outside and to the northwest of Albion.
    • The Randall Cemetery has also been known as:
    • Randall / Valley Cemetery
    • Valley Cemetery
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Randall Cemetery
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #1976564 <6>
  • Springfield Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Springfield Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Springfield Cemetery
  • Cottage Church Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Cottage Church Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Cottage Church Cemetery
  • White Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the south)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the White Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the White Cemetery
  • Spring Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Spring Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Spring Cemetery
  • Brock Family Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
    • Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for the Brock Family Cemetery. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<4>
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Brock Family Cemetery
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2228315 <6>
  • Clarks Corner Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Clarks Corner Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Clarks Corner Cemetery
  • Francis Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Francis Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Francis Cemetery
  • St. Johns Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the St. Johns Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the St. Johns Cemetery
  • East Lakeville Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the East Lakeville Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the East Lakeville Cemetery
  • City Cemetery
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the City Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the City Cemetery
  • Continue List   (150 more) ...
    • Farnham Cemetery
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Farnham Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Farnham Cemetery
    • Durkee Cemetery
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Durkee Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Durkee Cemetery
    • Reeds Corners Cemetery
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southwest)

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<7>

While we didn't find Kidders Corner in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Kidders Corner.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Kidders Corner, with the one closest to Kidders Corner listed first.

  • Keepville
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the south)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Keepville have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Keepville
    • Keepville is located in Erie County
  • Albion
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southeast)
  • Cherry Hill
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the west)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cherry Hill
    • Cherry Hill is located in Erie County
  • Lundys Lane
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lundys Lane have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lundys Lane
    • Lundys Lane is located in Erie County
  • East Springfield
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
  • Tracy
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Tracy have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tracy
    • Tracy is located in Erie County
  • Pennside
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pennside
    • Pennside is located in Erie County
  • Platea
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Platea have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Platea
    • Platea is located in Erie County
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 397 people
  • Cross
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cross have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cross
    • Cross is located in Erie County
  • West Springfield
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for West Springfield have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Springfield
    • West Springfield is located in Erie County
    • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for West Springfield <3>
  • North Springfield
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for North Springfield have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Springfield
    • North Springfield is located in Erie County
    • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for North Springfield <3>
  • Thornton Junction
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
    • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Thornton Junction have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Thornton Junction
    • Thornton Junction is located in Erie County
  • Continue List   (15 more) ...
    • Shadeland
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Shadeland have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shadeland
      • Shadeland is located in Crawford County
    • Pont
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Pont have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pont
      • Pont is located in Erie County
    • Ivarea
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
      • Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Ivarea have been provided by the GNIS.<2> The coordinates still need to be verified.
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ivarea
      • Ivarea is located in Erie County

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Kidders Corner. See our List of 1890's Communities around Kidders Corner.

Unfortunately, we don't know of a website for Kidders Corner. If you can help, please contact us through our Feedback Page.

The official website for Erie County: www.eriecountygov.org/

The official website for State of Pennsylvania: https://www.pa.gov/

Footnotes ...

<1>It's generally believed that possessive apostrophes are removed to prevent confusion on maps where the apostrophe may be confused with a cartographic symbol. While this is generally true, it's not uncommon to find possessive apostrophes in administrative names (such as towns or counties).
<2>The location has been supplied by the Geographic Names Information System - which is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). While these values should be definitive, we found that accuracy can vary and you should double-check the location if accuracy is required.
<3>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<4>An 'estimated' location is one where we have been given GPS coordinates, but are unable to verify the accuracy of those coordinates. That said, we have some confidence that we have placed the marker near the actual location. A typical reason for being unable to verify a location is that it might be on private property or maybe historic and gone without an obvious trace.
<5>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores obstructions like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Kidders Corner) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point in Kidders Corner. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 41.9109, Longitude: -80.4012       In this case, the coordinates for Kidders Corner have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).
<6>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<7>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Kidders Corner, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.









 

Copyright 2024
All Rights Reserved

Thank you for visiting our website.

In closing, please keep in mind that we can not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of the information on this website, so use with care. We encourage you to double-check the information that is critical to you.

If you've found an error or have additional information that you would like to share, please don't hesitate to write: Click here to contact us.

This page was last modified/updated: 07 Apr 2024