RoadsideThoughts
A Gazetteer for the United States and Canada
Home >> State of New Hampshire >> Cheshire County >> Roxbury Center >> Genealogy HelperIndex...

Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Roxbury Center (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Roxbury Center. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Name Variations for Roxbury Center ...

When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.

For example, a typical abbreviation for Roxbury Center: Roxbury Ctr. (or less commonly used: Roxbury Cen., Roxbury Cent. or Roxbury Cntr.)

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southeast corner of their home county. During their lives, most hospitals were in the next county to the east. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the east contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Roxbury Center is located in Cheshire County.

To see how the shape of New Hampshire's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Cheshire County: Franklin (MA), Worcester (MA), Hillsborough, Sullivan & Windham (VT).

Below are the counties that are near Roxbury Center. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Roxbury Center:

  • Cheshire County     (The home county of Roxbury Center)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Roxbury
      (Less than 2 miles to the east)
      • Roxbury is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Roxbury
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 221 people
    • Marlborough
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
    • Keene
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Keene is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Keene
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 22,699 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Keene <1>
    • Sullivan
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
    • Nelson
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
      • Nelson is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nelson
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 740 people
    • Harrisville
      (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
    • Lower Village
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Lower Village is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lower Village
    • Swanzey
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
    • Gilsum
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
    • Surry
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Surry is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Surry
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 747 people
    • East Swanzey
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
      • East Swanzey is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Swanzey
    • Dublin
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
  • Hillsborough County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Hancock
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the east)
      • Hancock is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hancock
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,650 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Hancock <1>
    • Elmwood
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the east)
      • Elmwood is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Elmwood
    • West Peterborough
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the east)
      • West Peterborough is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Peterborough
    • Antrim Center
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Antrim Center is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Antrim Center
    • Clinton Village
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Clinton Village is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clinton Village
    • Antrim
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
      • Antrim is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Antrim
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,682 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Antrim <1>
    • Bennington
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
    • North Village
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
      • North Village is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Village
    • North Branch
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
      • North Branch is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Branch
    • Windsor
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Windsor is located in Hillsborough County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Windsor
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 232 people
    • Peterborough
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Greenfield
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the east)
  • Merrimack County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Bradford
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
    • Henniker
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
    • Newbury
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
    • Melvin Mills
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Melvin Mills is located in Merrimack County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Melvin Mills
    • Mount Sunapee
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the north)
    • Blodgett Landing
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Blodgett Landing is located in Merrimack County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Blodgett Landing
    • Sutton
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Sutton is located in Merrimack County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sutton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,935 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Sutton <1>
    • Warner
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Warner is located in Merrimack County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warner
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,951 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Warner <1>
    • Contoocook
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Lower Village
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Lower Village is located in Merrimack County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lower Village
  • Sullivan County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • South Acworth
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the north)
      • South Acworth is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Acworth
    • Washington
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the north)
    • Langdon
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Langdon is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Langdon
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 688 people
    • Acworth
      (18 miles [29 km] to the north)
      • Acworth is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Acworth
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 897 people
    • Lempster
      (18 miles [29 km] to the north)
      • Lempster is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lempster
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,177 people
    • Quaker City
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
      • Quaker City is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Quaker City
    • Charlestown
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Unity
      (23 miles [37 km] to the north)
      • Unity is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Unity
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,616 people
    • Goshen
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
    • Kelleyville
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Kelleyville is located in Sullivan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kelleyville
    • Newport
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
    • Claremont
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
  • Franklin County (MA)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Mayo Corners
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the south)
      • Mayo Corners is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mayo Corners
    • Warwick
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
      • Warwick is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warwick
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 768 people
    • West Northfield
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southwest)
      • West Northfield is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Northfield
    • Northfield
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Northfield is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Northfield
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,958 people
    • North Orange
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
      • North Orange is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Orange
    • Tully
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
      • Tully is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tully
    • Mount Hermon
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
      • Mount Hermon is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mount Hermon
    • Orange
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
      • Orange is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Orange
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 7,581 people
    • Erving
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the south)
      • Erving is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Erving
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,749 people
    • Wendell Depot
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the south)
      • Wendell Depot is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wendell Depot
    • Bernardston
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Bernardston is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bernardston
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,089 people
    • Gill
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Gill is located in Franklin County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gill
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,473 people
  • Middlesex County (MA)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Ashby
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Ashby is located in Middlesex County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ashby
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,204 people
    • South Village
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • South Village is located in Middlesex County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Village
    • West Townsend
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southeast)
      • West Townsend is located in Middlesex County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Townsend
  • Worcester County (MA)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Royalston
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the south)
      • Royalston is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Royalston
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,278 people
    • Waterville
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
      • Waterville is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Waterville
    • Winchendon Springs
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Winchendon Springs is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Winchendon Springs
    • Winchendon
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Winchendon is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Winchendon
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 10,835 people
    • Pequoig
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Pequoig is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pequoig
    • Baldwinville
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the south)
      • Baldwinville is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Baldwinville
    • Lane Village
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
      • Lane Village is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lane Village
    • Athol
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
      • Athol is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Athol
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 11,698 people
    • Ashburnham
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southeast)
      • Ashburnham is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ashburnham
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 6,350 people
    • Brooks Village
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the south)
      • Brooks Village is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brooks Village
    • South Ashburnham
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • South Ashburnham is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Ashburnham
    • Blackburn Village
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Blackburn Village is located in Worcester County (MA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Blackburn Village
  • Windham County (VT)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Westminster
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northwest)
    • North Westminster
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
      • North Westminster is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Westminster
      • Estimated population in 2011: 246 people
    • Putney
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the west)
      • Putney is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Putney
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,438 people
    • Bellows Falls
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Westminster
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Westminster is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westminster
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,952 people
    • East Dummerston
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the west)
      • East Dummerston is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Dummerston
    • Westminster West
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
      • Westminster West is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westminster West
    • Saxtons River
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
    • Fairview Village
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southwest)
      • Fairview Village is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fairview Village
    • Brattleboro
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
    • Dummerston
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Dummerston is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dummerston
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,739 people
    • Brookline
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the west)
      • Brookline is located in Windham County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brookline
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 527 people
  • Windsor County (VT)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.
    • Springfield
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Springfield is located in Windsor County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Springfield
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 8,875 people
    • Springfield
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
    • Chester Depot
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Chester Depot is located in Windsor County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chester Depot
    • Chester
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
    • Chester
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Chester is located in Windsor County (VT)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chester
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,018 people
    • North Springfield
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Roxbury Center, see our County-by-County Page for Roxbury Center.

Cemeteries Near Roxbury Center ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Roxbury Center.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Roxbury Center - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Roxbury Center covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.

  • East Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southeast)
  • East Sullivan Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the north)
  • Greenlawn Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenlawn Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Greenlawn Cemetery is a large cemetery that is located outside and to the northeast of Keene.
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #251415 <2>
  • Woodland Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodland Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Woodland Cemetery is a large cemetery that is located outside and to the northeast of Keene.
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #796341 <2>
  • Washington Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
  • Mt. Calvary Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Graniteville Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Pine Grove Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Willard Hill Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
  • St. Bernard's Catholic Church Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
  • St. Joseph Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
  • Rhodes Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
  • Continue List   (390 more) ...
    • Meetinghouse Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
    • Munsonville Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • North Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the west)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Cemetery
      • To give a relative sense of its location, the North Cemetery is located outside and to the northwest of Keene.
      • The North Cemetery has also been known as:
      • Chase Cemetery
      • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2204438 <2>

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Roxbury Center in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Roxbury Center.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Roxbury Center, with the one closest to Roxbury Center listed first.

  • East Sullivan
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the north)
    • East Sullivan is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Sullivan
  • Keene
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
    • Keene is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Keene
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 22,699 people
    • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Keene <1>
  • South Keene
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
    • South Keene is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Keene
  • Marlborough
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Chesham
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
    • Chesham is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chesham
  • Sullivan
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
  • Nelson
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Nelson is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nelson
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 740 people
  • Munsonville
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
    • Munsonville is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Munsonville
  • Harrisville
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  • Swanzey Station
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
    • Swanzey Station is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Swanzey Station
  • Swanzey
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
  • East Swanzey
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
    • East Swanzey is located in Cheshire County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Swanzey
  • Continue List   (14 more) ...
    • Dublin
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
    • Gilsum
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
    • Surry
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Surry is located in Cheshire County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Surry
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 747 people

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Roxbury Center. See our List of 1890's Communities around Roxbury Center.

Newspapers Published in Roxbury Center ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 125 newspapers that have been published in the area around Roxbury Center.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Roxbury Center, there are papers which were published within 20 miles [32.2 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Roxbury Center.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first turn to the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These professional and volunteer websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Roxbury Center:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Roxbury Center, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Roxbury Center) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.