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Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Vale (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Vale. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the northwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most hospitals were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the north.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the north contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Vale is located in Jackson County.

To see how the shape of Missouri's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Jackson County: Johnson (KS), Wyandotte (KS), Cass, Clay, Johnson, Lafayette & Ray.

Below are the counties that are near Vale. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Vale:

  • Jackson County     (The home county of Vale)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Unity Village
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the east)
      • Unity Village is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Unity Village
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 72 people
    • Little Blue
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
      • Little Blue is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Little Blue
    • Raytown
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
    • Holmes Park
      (5 miles [8 km] to the west)
      • Holmes Park is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Holmes Park
      • Holmes Park has also been known as:
      • Holmes
    • Grandview
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
    • Belvidere
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
      • Belvidere is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Belvidere
    • Lake Tapawingo
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Lake Tapawingo is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Tapawingo
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 719 people
    • Leeds
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northwest)
      • Leeds is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leeds
    • Greenwood
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
    • Indian Village
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
      • Indian Village is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Indian Village
    • Martin City
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Martin City is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Martin City
    • New Santa Fe
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the west)
      • New Santa Fe is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Santa Fe
    • Blue Springs
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the northeast)
  • Cass County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Lee's Summit
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
    • Raymore
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the south)
    • Lake Winnebago
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Lake Winnebago is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Winnebago
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,370 people
    • Belton
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the southwest)
    • Loch Lloyd
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Loch Lloyd is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Loch Lloyd
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 835 people
      • Loch Lloyd has also been known as:
      • Loch Lloyd village
    • Harrelson
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the south)
      • Harrelson is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harrelson
    • Coleman
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
      • Coleman is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Coleman
    • Riverview Estates
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
      • Riverview Estates is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Riverview Estates
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 84 people
      • Riverview Estates has also been known as:
      • Riverview Estates village
    • Baldwin Park
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Baldwin Park is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Baldwin Park
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 96 people
    • Pleasant Hill
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Peculiar
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
    • Strasburg
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
    • Cleveland
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southwest)
      • Cleveland is located in Cass County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cleveland
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 668 people
  • Clay County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Sugar Creek
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the north)
    • Avondale
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Avondale is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Avondale
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 456 people
    • Birmingham
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Birmingham is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Birmingham
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 209 people
    • East Kansas City
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • East Kansas City is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Kansas City
    • Minaville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Minaville is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Minaville
    • Randolph
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Randolph is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Randolph
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 56 people
    • North Kansas City
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the northwest)
    • Claycomo
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
      • Claycomo is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Claycomo
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,526 people
    • Woodhill
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
      • Woodhill is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodhill
    • Oaks
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
      • Oaks is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oaks
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 135 people
    • Gladstone
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the north)
    • Glenaire
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the north)
      • Glenaire is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glenaire
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 583 people
    • Oakview
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the north)
      • Oakview is located in Clay County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakview
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 393 people
  • Johnson County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Kingsville
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
    • La Tour
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • La Tour is located in Johnson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for La Tour
    • Latour
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Latour is located in Johnson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Latour
    • Holden
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the southeast)
    • Columbus
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the east)
      • Columbus is located in Johnson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Columbus
  • Lafayette County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Bates City
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the east)
    • Napoleon
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northeast)
      • Napoleon is located in Lafayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Napoleon
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 214 people
    • Lake Lafayette
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the east)
      • Lake Lafayette is located in Lafayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Lafayette
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 340 people
    • Waterloo
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
      • Waterloo is located in Lafayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Waterloo
    • Odessa
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the east)
      • Odessa is located in Lafayette County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Odessa
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 5,295 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Odessa <1>
    • Wellington
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
  • Platte County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Northmoor
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
      • Northmoor is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Northmoor
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 362 people
    • Riverside
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
    • Houston Lake
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Houston Lake is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Houston Lake
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 248 people
    • Parkville
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northwest)
    • Lake Waukomis
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Lake Waukomis is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Waukomis
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 874 people
    • Platte Woods
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Platte Woods is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Platte Woods
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 406 people
    • Weatherby Lake
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Weatherby Lake is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Weatherby Lake
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,086 people
    • Linkville ‑ Historic
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Linkville is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Linkville
    • Waldron
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Waldron is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Waldron
    • Ferrelview
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Ferrelview is located in Platte County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ferrelview
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 800 people
  • Ray County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Albany
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
      • Albany is located in Ray County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Albany
    • Orrick
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
    • Fleming
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Fleming is located in Ray County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fleming
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 128 people
    • Camden
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
    • Woods Heights
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Woods Heights is located in Ray County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woods Heights
  • Johnson County (KS)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Leawood
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the west)
      • Leawood is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leawood
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 34,669 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Leawood <1>
    • Mission Hills
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Mission Hills is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mission Hills
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,533 people
    • Prairie Village
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the west)
    • Fairway
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Fairway is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fairway
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,963 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Fairway <1>
    • Mission Woods
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Mission Woods is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mission Woods
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 195 people
    • Westwood Hills
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Westwood Hills is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westwood Hills
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 390 people
    • Westwood
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Westwood is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westwood
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,642 people
    • Countryside
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Countryside is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Countryside
    • Roeland Park
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the northwest)
    • Mission
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northwest)
      • Mission is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mission
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 9,873 people
      • Former name for Mission:
      • Mission Hill Acres
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Mission <1>
    • Overland Park
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the west)
    • Merriam
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the west)
      • Merriam is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Merriam
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 11,128 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Merriam <1>
    • Lenexa
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the west)
      • Lenexa is located in Johnson County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lenexa
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 56,156 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Lenexa <1>
  • Leavenworth County (KS)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Loring
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
      • Loring is located in Leavenworth County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Loring
    • Highland
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Highland is located in Leavenworth County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Highland
    • Basehor
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Basehor is located in Leavenworth County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Basehor
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 6,656 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Basehor <1>
  • Miami County (KS)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Wea
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southwest)
      • Wea is located in Miami County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wea
    • Bucyrus
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Bucyrus is located in Miami County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bucyrus
    • Chiles
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southwest)
      • Chiles is located in Miami County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chiles
    • Louisburg
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the southwest)
      • Louisburg is located in Miami County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Louisburg
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 4,590 people
      • Former name for Louisburg:
      • New Saint Lewis
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Louisburg <1>
    • Hillsdale
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Hillsdale is located in Miami County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hillsdale
    • Somerset
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
  • Wyandotte County (KS)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.
    • Argentine
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Argentine is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Argentine
    • Kansas City
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
    • Turner
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Turner is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Turner
    • Morris
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
      • Morris is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Morris
    • Quindaro ‑ Historic
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
      • Quindaro is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Quindaro
    • Grinter Heights
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Grinter Heights is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grinter Heights
    • Edwardsville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Bonner Springs
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
    • Piper
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Piper is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Piper
    • Wallula
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Wallula is located in Wyandotte County (KS)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wallula

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Vale, see our County-by-County Page for Vale.

Cemeteries Near Vale ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Vale.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Vale - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Vale covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.

  • Flanery Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the northwest)
  • Ganzer Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Noland Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the west)
  • Mound Olivet Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
  • Mt. Olivet Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
  • Sechrest Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sechrest Cemetery
    • The Sechrest Cemetery has also been known as:
    • Sechrest Family Cemetery
  • Palestine Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
  • Lee's Summit Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
  • West Family Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
  • Hylton Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
  • Floral Hills Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
  • Memorial Park Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Memorial Park Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Memorial Park Cemetery is located in Kansas City.
    • The Memorial Park Cemetery has also been known as:
    • Memorial Park
  • Continue List   (303 more) ...
    • Green Lawn Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • Blue Ridge Cemetery
      (5 miles [8 km] to the southwest)
    • Brooking Cemetery
      (5 miles [8 km] to the north)

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Vale in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Vale.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Vale, with the one closest to Vale listed first.

  • Raytown
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
  • Lee's Summit
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
  • Little Blue
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
    • Little Blue is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Little Blue
  • Hickman Mills
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the west)
    • Hickman Mills is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hickman Mills
  • Holmes Park
    (5 miles [8 km] to the west)
    • Holmes Park is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Holmes Park
    • Holmes Park has also been known as:
    • Holmes
  • Grandview
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
  • Dodson
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
    • Dodson is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dodson
  • Belvidere
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
    • Belvidere is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Belvidere
  • Red Bridge
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
    • Red Bridge is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Red Bridge
  • Greenwood
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
  • Leeds
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northwest)
    • Leeds is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leeds
  • Dallas
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
    • Dallas is located in Jackson County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dallas
  • Continue List   (15 more) ...
    • New Santa Fe
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the west)
      • New Santa Fe is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New Santa Fe
    • Martin City
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Martin City is located in Jackson County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Martin City
    • Raymore
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the south)

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Vale. See our List of 1890's Communities around Vale.

Newspapers Published in Vale ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 129 newspapers that have been published in the area around Vale.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Vale, there are papers which were published within 19 miles [30.6 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Vale.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we begin with the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites either offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Vale:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Vale, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Vale) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.