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Home >> State of Wisconsin >> Calumet County >> Rockaway Beach >> Genealogy HelperIndex...

Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Rockaway Beach (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Rockaway Beach. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Name Variations for Rockaway Beach ...

When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.

Although we can't give a definitive list, hopefully the following will give you a feel for the variations that might occur.

For example, a typical abbreviation for Rockaway Beach: Rockaway Bch.

You might be interested in other communities that are also named Rockaway Beach. More information can be found on our Tidbits & Trivia Page for Rockaway Beach.

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors and hospitals were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Rockaway Beach is located in Calumet County.

To see how the shape of Wisconsin's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Calumet County: Brown, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Outagamie, Sheboygan & Winnebago.

Below are the counties that are near Rockaway Beach. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Rockaway Beach:

  • Calumet County     (The home county of Rockaway Beach)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Stockbridge
      (Less than 2 miles to the south)
      • Stockbridge is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Stockbridge
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 619 people
    • Harrison
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Harrison is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harrison
    • Sherwood
      (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
      • Sherwood is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sherwood
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,040 people
    • Quinney
      (5 miles [8 km] to the south)
      • Quinney is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Quinney
    • Brant
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
      • Brant is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brant
    • Saint John
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Saint John is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint John
    • Hilbert
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
      • Hilbert is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hilbert
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,081 people
    • Brothertown
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
      • Brothertown is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brothertown
    • Chilton
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Chilton is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chilton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,868 people
    • Potter
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the east)
      • Potter is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Potter
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 236 people
    • Dundas
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Dundas is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dundas
    • Hayton
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Hayton is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hayton
  • Brown County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Askeaton
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Askeaton is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Askeaton
    • Wrightstown
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northeast)
      • Wrightstown is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wrightstown
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,631 people
    • Sniderville
      (18 miles [29 km] to the north)
      • Sniderville is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sniderville
    • Greenleaf
      (18 miles [29 km] to the northeast)
      • Greenleaf is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenleaf
    • Morrison
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Morrison is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Morrison
    • Wayside
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Wayside is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wayside
    • Lark
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northeast)
      • Lark is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lark
    • De Pere
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
      • De Pere is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for De Pere
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 25,014 people
    • Hobart
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Hobart is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hobart
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 10,495 people
    • Oneida
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Oneida is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oneida
    • Glenmore
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
      • Glenmore is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glenmore
    • Ashwaubenon
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Ashwaubenon is located in Brown County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ashwaubenon
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 17,004 people
  • Fond du Lac County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Calumetville
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the south)
      • Calumetville is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Calumetville
    • Garnet
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the south)
      • Garnet is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Garnet
    • Johnsburg
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
      • Johnsburg is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Johnsburg
    • Gladstone Beach
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
      • Gladstone Beach is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gladstone Beach
    • Malone
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
      • Malone is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Malone
    • Calvary
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Calvary is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Calvary
    • Linden Beach
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Linden Beach is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Linden Beach
    • Minawa Beach
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Minawa Beach is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Minawa Beach
    • Mount Calvary
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the south)
      • Mount Calvary is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mount Calvary
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 522 people
    • Peebles
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the south)
      • Peebles is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Peebles
    • Saint Cloud
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Saint Cloud is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint Cloud
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 458 people
    • North Fond du Lac
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the south)
      • North Fond du Lac is located in Fond du Lac County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Fond du Lac
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 5,059 people
  • Manitowoc County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Collins
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the east)
      • Collins is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Collins
    • Steinthal
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Steinthal is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Steinthal
    • Reedsville
      (18 miles [29 km] to the east)
      • Reedsville is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Reedsville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,143 people
    • Kiel
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
      • Kiel is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kiel
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,799 people
    • Rockville
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Rockville is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rockville
    • Grimms
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the east)
      • Grimms is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grimms
    • Saint Nazianz
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the east)
      • Saint Nazianz is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint Nazianz
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 750 people
    • Louis Corners
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southeast)
      • Louis Corners is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Louis Corners
    • Clarks Mills
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the east)
      • Clarks Mills is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clarks Mills
    • Valders
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the east)
      • Valders is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Valders
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 918 people
    • Millhome
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Millhome is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Millhome
    • Cato
      (23 miles [37 km] to the east)
      • Cato is located in Manitowoc County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cato
  • Outagamie County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Combined Locks
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the north)
      • Combined Locks is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Combined Locks
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,607 people
    • Appleton
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the north)
      • Appleton is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Appleton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 74,058 people
      • Former name for Appleton:
      • Appleton Junction
    • Kimberly
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the north)
      • Kimberly is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kimberly
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 6,869 people
    • Little Chute
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the north)
      • Little Chute is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Little Chute
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 12,164 people
    • Apple Creek
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Apple Creek is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Apple Creek
    • Greenville
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Greenville is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenville
    • Medina
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Medina is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Medina
    • Freedom
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the north)
      • Freedom is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Freedom
    • Hortonville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Hortonville is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hortonville
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,976 people
    • Chicago Corners
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the north)
      • Chicago Corners is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chicago Corners
    • Black Creek
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
      • Black Creek is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Black Creek
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,309 people
    • Shiocton
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Shiocton is located in Outagamie County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shiocton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 914 people
  • Sheboygan County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Elkhart Lake
      (23 miles [37 km] to the southeast)
      • Elkhart Lake is located in Sheboygan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Elkhart Lake
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,013 people
    • Glenbeulah
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
      • Glenbeulah is located in Sheboygan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glenbeulah
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 467 people
    • Rhine
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
      • Rhine is located in Sheboygan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rhine
    • Johnsonville
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Johnsonville is located in Sheboygan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Johnsonville
    • Plymouth
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Plymouth is located in Sheboygan County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Plymouth
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 8,737 people
  • Waupaca County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • New London
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • New London is located in Waupaca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for New London
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 7,065 people
    • Fremont
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the west)
      • Fremont is located in Waupaca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fremont
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 647 people
    • Gills Landing
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Gills Landing is located in Waupaca County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gills Landing
  • Winnebago County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.
    • Adella Beach
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Adella Beach is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Adella Beach
    • Menasha
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Menasha is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Menasha
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 17,796 people
    • Neenah
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Neenah is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Neenah
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 26,363 people
    • Oshkosh
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Oshkosh is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oshkosh
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 66,495 people
    • Fox Crossing
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Fox Crossing is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fox Crossing
    • Stony Beach
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the southwest)
      • Stony Beach is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Stony Beach
    • Point Comfort
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the southwest)
      • Point Comfort is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Point Comfort
    • Black Wolf
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Black Wolf is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Black Wolf
    • Allenville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the west)
      • Allenville is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Allenville
    • Fitzgerald
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Fitzgerald is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fitzgerald
    • Medina Junction
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
      • Medina Junction is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Medina Junction
    • Harbor Springs
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the west)
      • Harbor Springs is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harbor Springs

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Rockaway Beach, see our County-by-County Page for Rockaway Beach.

Cemeteries Near Rockaway Beach ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Rockaway Beach.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Rockaway Beach - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Rockaway Beach covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.

  • Indian Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southeast)
  • St. Marys Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southeast)
  • Dorn Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the northeast)
  • Lakeside Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Mansfield Family Cemetery
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
  • St. Elizabeth Catholic Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
  • Portland Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  • Sacred Heart Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
  • High Cliff Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
  • Quinney Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
  • Pingel Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  • St. Luke Lutheran Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
  • Continue List   (311 more) ...
    • Dick Family Cemetery
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
    • St. Peters Cemetery
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the east)
    • St. John's Catholic Cemetery
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for St. John's Catholic Cemetery
      • The St. John's Catholic Cemetery has also been known as:
      • St. John Catholic Cemetery

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<1>

While we didn't find Rockaway Beach in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Rockaway Beach.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Rockaway Beach, with the one closest to Rockaway Beach listed first.

  • Stockbridge
    (Less than 2 miles to the south)
    • Stockbridge is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Stockbridge
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 619 people
  • Sherwood
    (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
    • Sherwood is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sherwood
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,040 people
  • Brant
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
    • Brant is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brant
  • Saint John
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
    • Saint John is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint John
  • Brothertown
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
    • Brothertown is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brothertown
  • Hilbert
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
    • Hilbert is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hilbert
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,081 people
  • Snells
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the west)
    • Snells is located in Winnebago County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Snells
  • Jericho
    (9 miles [14.5 km] to the south)
    • Jericho is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jericho
  • Chilton
    (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Chilton is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chilton
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,868 people
  • Gravesville
    (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Gravesville is located in Calumet County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gravesville
  • Menasha
    (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
    • Menasha is located in Winnebago County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Menasha
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 17,796 people
  • Neenah
    (9 miles [14.5 km] to the northwest)
    • Neenah is located in Winnebago County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Neenah
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 26,363 people
  • Continue List   (16 more) ...
    • Winnebago
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the west)
      • Winnebago is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Winnebago
    • Darboy
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the north)
      • Darboy is located in Calumet County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Darboy
    • Oshkosh
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Oshkosh is located in Winnebago County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oshkosh
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 66,495 people

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Rockaway Beach. See our List of 1890's Communities around Rockaway Beach.

Newspapers Published in Rockaway Beach ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 116 newspapers that have been published in the area around Rockaway Beach.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Rockaway Beach, there are papers which were published within 22 miles [35.4 km]<2>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Rockaway Beach.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first turn to the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites either offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Rockaway Beach:

Footnotes ...

<1>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Rockaway Beach, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<2>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' (or point-to-point) distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Rockaway Beach) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.