A visit to the Alfred Smith Cemetery ...

Google driving directions from your current location to the Alfred Smith Cemetery (Patience, this may take a moment).

Introduction ...

Since our focus is on geography, we don't have burial or interment information. Nor do we have any contact information for the Alfred Smith Cemetery. For information of that nature, we suggest the Find-A-Grave <1> website: The Alfred Smith Cemetery (FG ID #2257265)

In addition, the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission <2> has a database entry for the Alfred Smith Cemetery (RIHCC ID: SM062).

Note: We have organized the cemeteries in our Gazetteer based on a problem that we had while working on our own genealogy. Without specifying the cemeteries involved, we found an ancestor that we believed to have been buried in one cemetery was actually buried elsewhere.

We discovered that his burial had been refused at the last moment and the family had scrambled to make new arrangements. By looking at nearby cemeteries, the surrounding communities and in newspapers of the period, we were finally able to locate his burial site.

Should you find yourself in the same situation, we hope that our Gazetteer helps you discover your lost ancestor.

The Location of the Alfred Smith Cemetery ...

We are using the following GPS coordinates (latitude and longitude) for the Alfred Smith Cemetery

Lat: 41.9123° (41° 54' 44")

Lon: -71.5258° (-71° 31' 32")

The cemetery is located in Providence County<4>.

As an estimate, the Alfred Smith Cemetery is located 3 miles [4.8 km]<3> to the southwest of Greenville.

The county seat for Providence County is located in Providence. Providence lies just to the southeast of the Alfred Smith Cemetery .

Name Variations for Alfred Smith Cemetery ...

When doing your research, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Various errors happen - anything from simple spelling to bad translations.

Alfred Smith Cemetery has also been known as:

Alfred Smith Lot

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

List of nearby cemeteries ...

Based on our list of cemeteries, we know of 27 that are within 7 miles [11.3 km] of the Alfred Smith Cemetery.<5>

We've listed the following cemeteries based on their distance from Alfred Smith Cemetery, with the nearest first.

Abel Mowry Lot
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Abel Mowry Lot
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for the Abel Mowry Lot. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
- The Abel Mowry Lot is located in Providence County
- To give a relative sense of its location, the Abel Mowry Lot is located outside and to the northwest of Greenville.
- Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #SC127 <2>
- Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2228563 <1>
Greenville Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Greenville Cemetery
- The Greenville Cemetery is located in Providence County
- To give a relative sense of its location, the Greenville Cemetery is a large cemetery that is located outside and to the southwest of Greenville.
- Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #SM045 <2>
- Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2209310 <1>
Abial Mowry Lot
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Abial Mowry Lot
- The Abial Mowry Lot is located in Providence County
- To give a relative sense of its location, the Abial Mowry Lot is located 4 miles [6.4 km]<3> to the northwest of Smithfield.
- Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #SM081 <2>
- Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2266888 <1>
Clarks Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Clarks Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Clarks Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Clarks Cemetery is located in Providence County
Harmony Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Harmony Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Harmony Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Harmony Cemetery is located in Providence County
Highland Memorial Park
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Highland Memorial Park
- The Highland Memorial Park is located in Providence County
- To give a relative sense of its location, the Highland Memorial Park is a very large cemetery that is located 4 miles [6.4 km]<3> to the southeast of Providence.
- The Highland Memorial Park has also been known as:
- Highland Memorial Park Cemetery
- Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #JN008 <2>
- Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #1572077 <1>
Polish Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Polish Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Polish Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Polish Cemetery is located in Providence County
St. James Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the St. James Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the St. James Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The St. James Cemetery is located in Providence County
Union Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Union Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Union Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Union Cemetery is located in Providence County
Irons Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Irons Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Irons Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Irons Cemetery is located in Providence County
Colvin Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Colvin Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Colvin Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Colvin Cemetery is located in Providence County
Waterman Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the south)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Waterman Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Waterman Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- The Waterman Cemetery is located in Providence County
Continue List (15 more) ...
- Elder Stephen Sweet Lot
  (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Elder Stephen Sweet Lot
  - The Elder Stephen Sweet Lot is located in Providence County
  - Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #JN017 <2>
  - Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2419545 <1>
- Intervale Cemetery
  (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Intervale Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Intervale Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Intervale Cemetery is located in Providence County
- St. Josephs Cemetery
  (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the St. Josephs Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the St. Josephs Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The St. Josephs Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Cumberland #9
  (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Cumberland #9
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Cumberland #9 have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Cumberland #9 is located in Providence County
- Brown & Bucklin Families Cemetery
  (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Brown & Bucklin Families Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Brown & Bucklin Families Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Brown & Bucklin Families Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Steere Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Steere Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Steere Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Steere Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Hawkins Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the west)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Hawkins Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Hawkins Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Hawkins Cemetery is located in Providence County
  - Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2159499 <1>
- Glenford Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Glenford Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Glenford Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Glenford Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Smithfield Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Smithfield Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Smithfield Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Smithfield Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Woodlawn Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Woodlawn Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Woodlawn Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Woodlawn Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Admiral Esek Hopkins Lot (Historic)
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Admiral Esek Hopkins Lot (Historic)
  - The Admiral Esek Hopkins Lot (Historic) is located in Providence County
  - Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #PV023 <2>
  - Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #2220343 <1>
- St. Francis Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the St. Francis Cemetery
  - The St. Francis Cemetery is located in Providence County
  - The St. Francis Cemetery has also been known as:
  - Bishop's Cemetery
  - Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #PW003 <2>
  - Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #104478 <1>
- Moshassuck Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Moshassuck Cemetery
  - The Moshassuck Cemetery is located in Providence County
  - Jump to the Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission: RIHCC ID #CF001 <2>
  - Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #215564 <1>
- St. Patricks Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the St. Patricks Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the St. Patricks Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The St. Patricks Cemetery is located in Providence County
- Wilkinson Cemetery
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Wilkinson Cemetery
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Wilkinson Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - The Wilkinson Cemetery is located in Providence County

For an expanded list with details, please visit our List of cemeteries.

List of neighboring communities ...

The following 33 communities are within Less than 2 miles<3> of the Alfred Smith Cemetery.

We've listed the following communities based on their distance from Alfred Smith Cemetery, with the nearest first.

Smithfield
(Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Smithfield have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smithfield
- Smithfield is located in Providence County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 21,842 people
Hanton City ‑ Historic
(Less than 2 miles to the north)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Hanton City. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hanton City
- Hanton City is located in Providence County
- Hanton City has also been known as:
- Lost City
Smithfield
(Less than 2 miles to the northwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smithfield
- Smithfield is located in Providence County
Greenville
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenville
- Greenville is located in Providence County
North Smithfield
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for North Smithfield have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Smithfield
- North Smithfield is located in Providence County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 12,576 people
North Smithfield
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Smithfield
- North Smithfield is located in Providence County
Esmond
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Esmond. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Esmond
- Esmond is located in Providence County
Lincoln
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lincoln have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lincoln
- Lincoln is located in Providence County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 21,941 people
Primrose
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Primrose. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Primrose
- Primrose is located in Providence County
Harmony
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harmony
- Harmony is located in Providence County
Centerdale
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Centerdale
- Centerdale is located in Providence County
North Providence
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Providence
- North Providence is located in Providence County
Continue List (21 more) ...
- Lime Rock
  (4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lime Rock
  - Lime Rock is located in Providence County
- Albion
  (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northeast)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Albion
  - Albion is located in Providence County
- North Providence
  (5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for North Providence have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Providence
  - North Providence is located in Providence County
  - Population from the 2020 Census: 32,507 people
- Saylesville
  (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  - Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Saylesville. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saylesville
  - Saylesville is located in Providence County
- Berkeley
  (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Berkeley
  - Berkeley is located in Providence County
- Cumberland Hill
  (5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
  - Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Cumberland Hill. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cumberland Hill
  - Cumberland Hill is located in Providence County
- Union Village
  (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Union Village have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Union Village
  - Union Village is located in Providence County
- Glocester
  (5 miles [8 km] to the west)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Glocester have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glocester
  - Glocester is located in Providence County
  - Population from the 2020 Census: 10,352 people
- Branch Village
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Branch Village
  - Branch Village is located in Providence County
- North Scituate
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Scituate
  - North Scituate is located in Providence County
- Johnston
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Johnston have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Johnston
  - Johnston is located in Providence County
  - Population from the 2020 Census: 29,366 people
- Dyerville
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  - Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Dyerville. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dyerville
  - Dyerville is located in Providence County
- Slatersville
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Slatersville
  - Slatersville is located in Providence County
- Lonsdale
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
  - Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Lonsdale. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lonsdale
  - Lonsdale is located in Providence County
- Valley Falls
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Valley Falls
  - Valley Falls is located in Providence County
- Cumberland
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northeast)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cumberland have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cumberland
  - Cumberland is located in Providence County
  - Population from the 2020 Census: 35,207 people
- Cumberland
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northeast)
  - Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cumberland have been provided by the GNIS.<7> The coordinates still need to be verified.
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cumberland
  - Cumberland is located in Providence County
- Hamlet
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
  - Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Hamlet. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<6>
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hamlet
  - Hamlet is located in Providence County
- Woonsocket
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woonsocket
  - Woonsocket is located in Providence County
  - Population from the 2020 Census: 41,545 people
- Nasonville
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nasonville
  - Nasonville is located in Providence County
- Glendale
  (6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
  - Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glendale
  - Glendale is located in Providence County

For the full list of neighboring communities with details, please visit our extended List of Communities.

Nearby communities with newspapers ...

The following communities are those where newspapers have been published and are located in the vicinity of the Alfred Smith Cemetery. The following communities are located in Providence County.

More information can be found on our list of Local Newspapers for The Alfred Smith Cemetery.

We've listed the following communities alphabetically.

Greenville
- Greenville lies 3 miles [4.8 km]<3> to the South Southwest (SSW) of the Alfred Smith Cemetery.
- Jump to our list of Local Newspapers for Greenville.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenville
Slatersville
- Slatersville lies 6 miles [9.7 km]<3> to the North Northwest (NNW) of the Alfred Smith Cemetery.
- Jump to our list of Local Newspapers for Slatersville.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Slatersville
Woonsocket
- Woonsocket lies 6 miles [9.7 km]<3> to the North (N) of the Alfred Smith Cemetery.
- Jump to our list of Local Newspapers for Woonsocket.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woonsocket

Websites to help with your research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites either offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their websites are open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that might help with the Alfred Smith Cemetery:

Pages specific to Rhode Island:
Pages specific to Providence County:
Genealogy information for nearby counties:
- New London County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Tolland County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Windham County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Bristol County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Middlesex County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Norfolk County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Plymouth County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Suffolk County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Worcester County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Bristol County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Kent County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Newport County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
- Washington County
- Cyndi's List
- Family Search
- Genealogy Trails
Cemetery Information and Directories:
- From Find-A-Grave:
- The Alfred Smith Cemetery (FG ID #2257265)
- From Cyndi's List:
- Cemeteries of Rhode Island
- Cemeteries of Providence County
- Cemetery Junction:
- Directory for Rhode Island
- From FamilySearch:
- Cemeteries Wiki for Rhode Island
- From Interment.net:
- Cemeteries of Rhode Island
- Cemeteries of Providence
About the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church ...
- Although we don't have a link to the Alfred Smith Cemetery itself, you might be curious about the African Methodist Episcopal Church. See their website at:
- The African Methodist Episcopal Church

Miscellaneous References and Mentions ...

Our approach is to add the name of a cemetery whenever we see it mentioned - usually from newspapers, old books and maps. Typically we have little information to start with, but we continue to add detail as we find it.

We've created the following list to keep track of the sources that we found useful for the Alfred Smith Cemetery:

Referenced Find-A-Grave Entry: #2257265

Referenced RIHCC Record: SM062

Off-the-Road Links ...

The official website for State of Rhode Island: https://www.ri.gov/

Footnotes ...

<1>	The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<2>	The Rhode Island Historical Cemetery Commission (RIHCC) has created and maintains a database of cemeteries. More information about the RIHCC can be found on their website: rihistoriccemeteries.org.
<3>	Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- ) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point at the Alfred Smith Cemetery. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 41.9123, Longitude: -71.5258
<4>	If you're interested in how the shape of the state's counties, including Providence, have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.
<5>	While we have an extensive database of cemeteries (with over 200,000 entries), you can be assured that it's not complete and our list will be missing cemeteries.
<6>	An 'estimated' location is one where we have been given GPS coordinates, but are unable to verify the accuracy of those coordinates. That said, we have some confidence that we have placed the marker near the actual location. A typical reason for being unable to verify a location is that it might be on private property or maybe historic and gone without an obvious trace.
<7>	The location has been supplied by the Geographic Names Information System - which is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). While these values should be definitive, we found that accuracy can vary and you should double-check the location if accuracy is required.