Our Genealogy Helper
Introduction ...
We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:
- That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
- We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
- On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.
By learning about Cairo Junction (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.
As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Cairo Junction. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.
Name Variations for Cairo Junction ...
When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.
Although we can't give a definitive list, hopefully the following will give you a feel for the variations that might have occurred.
For example, a typical abbreviation for Cairo Junction: Cairo Jct. (or less commonly used: Cairo Jctn.)
If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.
Neighboring Counties ...
When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.
For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the northwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the north.
So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived: their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the north contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.
If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.
Cairo Junction is located in Greene County.
To see how the shape of New York's counties have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.
The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Greene County: Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Rensselaer, Schoharie & Ulster.
Below are the counties that are near Cairo Junction. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Cairo Junction:
- Greene County (The home county of Cairo Junction)
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- South Cairo
(Less than 2 miles to the north)
- Leeds
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Leeds have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leeds
- Leeds is located in Greene County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Leeds <2>
- Cairo
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cairo have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cairo
- Cairo is located in Greene County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Cairo <2>
- Kiskatom
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Kiskatom. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kiskatom
- Kiskatom is located in Greene County
- Google driving directions:
- From your current location to Kiskatom
- From Cairo Junction to Kiskatom
- Round Top
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
- Jefferson Heights
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
- Woodstock
(5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
- Catskill
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Catskill have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Catskill
- Catskill is located in Greene County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,815 people
- Gayhead
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
- Palenville
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
- Athens
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the east)
- Haines Falls
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
- Albany County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- South Westerlo
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the north)
- Alcove
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
- Coeymans Hollow
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
- Aquetuck
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the northeast)
- Medusa
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the northwest)
- Ravena
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the northeast)
- Cooksburg
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
- Dormansville
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
- Coeymans
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the northeast)
- Potter Hollow
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
- Preston Hollow
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the northwest)
- Preston - Potter Hollow
(18 miles [29 km] to the northwest)
- Columbia County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- North Germantown
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
- Hudson
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the east)
- Burden
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Burden. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Burden
- Burden is located in Columbia County
- Google driving directions:
- From your current location to Burden
- From Cairo Junction to Burden
- Germantown
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
- Greenport Center
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the east)
- Lorenz Park
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lorenz Park have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lorenz Park
- Lorenz Park is located in Columbia County
- Stottville
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the east)
- Churchtown
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the east)
- Glenco Mills
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the southeast)
- Hollowville
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
- Mellenville
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the east)
- West Taghkanic
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the southeast)
- Delaware County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Grand Gorge
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- Fleischmanns
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the west)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Fleischmanns have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fleischmanns
- Fleischmanns is located in Delaware County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 308 people
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Fleischmanns <2>
- Denver
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the west)
- Roxbury
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the west)
- Dutchess County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Tivoli
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Tivoli have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tivoli
- Tivoli is located in Dutchess County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,076 people
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Tivoli <2>
- Cruger Village
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cruger Village have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cruger Village
- Cruger Village is located in Dutchess County
- Upper Red Hook
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
- Red Hook
(18 miles [29 km] to the south)
- Jackson Corners
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
- Rock City
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Rock City have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rock City
- Rock City is located in Dutchess County
- Mount Ross
(21 miles [33.8 km] to the southeast)
- Rhinebeck
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the south)
- Milan
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the southeast)
- Rhinecliff
(23 miles [37 km] to the south)
- Pine Plains
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
- Wurtemburg
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
- Rensselaer County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Schodack Landing
(18 miles [29 km] to the northeast)
- Castleton-on-Hudson
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Castleton-on-Hudson have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Castleton-on-Hudson
- Castleton-on-Hudson is located in Rensselaer County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,451 people
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Castleton-on-Hudson <2>
- Nassau
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
- Schodack Center
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
- East Greenbush
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for East Greenbush have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Greenbush
- East Greenbush is located in Rensselaer County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for East Greenbush <2>
- East Schodack
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the northeast)
- Brainard
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
- Couse
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
- Hampton Manor
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Hampton Manor have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hampton Manor
- Hampton Manor is located in Rensselaer County
- Luther
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
- Rensselaer
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Rensselaer have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rensselaer
- Rensselaer is located in Rensselaer County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 9,142 people
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Rensselaer <2>
- Best
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
- Schoharie County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Bates
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the northwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Bates. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bates
- Bates is located in Schoharie County
- Google driving directions:
- From your current location to Bates
- From Cairo Junction to Bates
- Manorkill
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the northwest)
- Livingstonville
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the northwest)
- Broome Center
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
- Franklinton
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northwest)
- Middleburgh
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
- Ulster County
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Quarryville
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the south)
- Malden
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the south)
- Saugerties
(12 miles [19.3 km] to the south)
- Glasco
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
- High Woods
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
- Mount Marion
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
- Daisy
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the southwest)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Daisy. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Daisy
- Daisy is located in Ulster County
- Google driving directions:
- From your current location to Daisy
- From Cairo Junction to Daisy
- Mount Marion Park
(15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
- Ruby
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
- Shady
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
- Woodstock
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
- Bearsville
(17 miles [27.4 km] to the southwest)
- Berkshire County (MA)
- The following are listed by their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Egremont
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Egremont have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Egremont
- Egremont is located in Berkshire County (MA)
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,202 people
- Mount Washington
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Mount Washington have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mount Washington
- Mount Washington is located in Berkshire County (MA)
- Population from the 2020 Census: 156 people
- North Egremont
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for North Egremont have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Egremont
- North Egremont is located in Berkshire County (MA)
- Alford
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
- Egremont Plain
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
- South Egremont
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for South Egremont have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for South Egremont
- South Egremont is located in Berkshire County (MA)
- Housatonic
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
- Rockdale Mills
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
- Van Deusenville
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Cairo Junction, see our County-by-County Page for Cairo Junction.
Cemeteries Near Cairo Junction ...
Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Cairo Junction.
This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.
If you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our selection of Genealogy Websites (see below).
If not found below, our Cemetery List for Cairo Junction covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.
The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Blackman Cemetery
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Blackman Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Blackman Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Sandy Plain Cemetery
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Sandy Plain Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Sandy Plain Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Joseph Sax Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
- Old Leeds Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Old Leeds Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Old Leeds Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Round Top Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
- Jefferson Rural Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Jefferson Rural Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Jefferson Rural Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- St. Patrick's Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
- Cairo Village Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
- Weekes Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Weekes Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Weekes Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Catskill Village Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the east)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Catskill Village Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Catskill Village Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Union Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Union Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Union Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Butler Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Butler Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Butler Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Continue List (335 more) ...
- Gayhead Cemetery
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Gayhead Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Gayhead Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Goodwin Cemetery
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for the Goodwin Cemetery
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for the Goodwin Cemetery have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Palenville Village Cemetery
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
Nearby Communities in 1895 ...
We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<5>
The Rand McNally Atlas shows that in 1895, Cairo Junction had railroad service and no post office.
These communities are listed based on their distance from Cairo Junction, with the one closest to Cairo Junction listed first.
- Lawrenceville
(Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Lawrenceville have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lawrenceville
- Lawrenceville is located in Greene County
- South Cairo
(Less than 2 miles to the north)
- Kiskatom
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
- Note: We haven't been able to verify our GPS coordinates for Kiskatom. Although the coordinates have been estimated, they should be in the vicinity.<3>
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kiskatom
- Kiskatom is located in Greene County
- Google driving directions:
- From your current location to Kiskatom
- From Cairo Junction to Kiskatom
- Leeds
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Leeds have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leeds
- Leeds is located in Greene County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Leeds <2>
- Cairo
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the northwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Cairo have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cairo
- Cairo is located in Greene County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Cairo <2>
- Catskill
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Catskill have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Catskill
- Catskill is located in Greene County
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,815 people
- Palenville
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
- Saxton
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Saxton have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saxton
- Saxton is located in Ulster County
- Greendale
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Greendale have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greendale
- Greendale is located in Columbia County
- West Athens
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for West Athens have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Athens
- West Athens is located in Greene County
- Gayhead
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
- Acra
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the northwest)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Acra have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Acra
- Acra is located in Greene County
- Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Acra <2>
- Continue List (19 more) ...
- Haines Falls
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the southwest)
- Athens
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the east)
- Result
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the north)
- Note: The GPS coordinates that we are using for Result have been provided by the GNIS.<1> The coordinates still need to be verified.
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Result
- Result is located in Greene County
We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Cairo Junction. See our List of 1890's Communities around Cairo Junction.
Newspapers Published in Cairo Junction ...
An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).
To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.
Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 127 newspapers that have been published in the area around Cairo Junction.
Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Cairo Junction, there are papers which were published within 16 miles [25.7 km]<6>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Cairo Junction.
Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...
When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These helpful websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.
To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Cairo Junction:
- Websites specific to New York
- Pages specific to Greene County
- Genealogy information for nearby counties
- Albany County
- Columbia County
- Delaware County
- Dutchess County
- Rensselaer County
- Schoharie County
- Ulster County
- Berkshire County
- Cemetery Information and Directories for New York
Off-the-Road Links ...
Unfortunately, we don't know of a website for Cairo Junction. If you can help, please contact us through our Feedback Page.
The official website for State of New York: https://www.ny.gov/
Footnotes ...
<1> | The location has been supplied by the Geographic Names Information System - which is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). While these values should be definitive, we found that accuracy can vary and you should double-check the location if accuracy is required. |
<2> | While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program. |
<3> | An 'estimated' location is one where we have been given GPS coordinates, but are unable to verify the accuracy of those coordinates. That said, we have some confidence that we have placed the marker near the actual location. A typical reason for being unable to verify a location is that it might be on private property or maybe historic and gone without an obvious trace. |
<4> | The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com. |
<5> | We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Cairo Junction, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy. |
<6> | Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' distance. A straight line distance ignores obstructions like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Cairo Junction) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point in Cairo Junction. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 42.2531, Longitude: -73.9655 In this case, the coordinates for Cairo Junction have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). |