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Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Fort Plains (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Fort Plains. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Name Variations for Fort Plains ...

When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.

For example, a typical abbreviation for Fort Plains: Ft. Plains

If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southeast corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors and hospitals were in the next county to the east. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the east contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Fort Plains is located in Monmouth County.

To see how the shape of New Jersey's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Monmouth County: Burlington, Mercer, Middlesex & Ocean.

Below are the counties that are near Fort Plains. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Fort Plains:

  • Monmouth County     (The home county of Fort Plains)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Ardena
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
      • Ardena is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ardena
    • West Freehold
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
      • West Freehold is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Freehold
    • Maxim
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Maxim is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Maxim
    • Squankum
      (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
      • Squankum is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Squankum
    • Freehold
      (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
      • Freehold is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Freehold
    • Allaire Village ‑ Historic
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
      • Allaire Village is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Allaire Village
      • Allaire Village has also been known as:
      • Allaire
    • East Freehold
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
      • East Freehold is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Freehold
    • Bucks Mill
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Bucks Mill is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bucks Mill
    • Tennent
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Tennent is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tennent
    • Ramtown
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
      • Ramtown is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ramtown
    • Allenwood
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
      • Allenwood is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Allenwood
    • Colts Neck
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the northeast)
      • Colts Neck is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Colts Neck
  • Burlington County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Ellisdale
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the west)
      • Ellisdale is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ellisdale
    • Jacobstown
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
      • Jacobstown is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jacobstown
    • Fort Dix
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Fort Dix is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fort Dix
    • Browns Mills
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southwest)
      • Browns Mills is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Browns Mills
    • Country Lake Estates
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the southwest)
      • Country Lake Estates is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Country Lake Estates
    • Juliustown
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
      • Juliustown is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Juliustown
    • Presidential Lakes Estates
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
    • Bordentown
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the west)
      • Bordentown is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bordentown
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 3,794 people
    • Columbus
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
      • Columbus is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Columbus
    • Kinkora
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Kinkora is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kinkora
    • Chambers Corners
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Chambers Corners is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chambers Corners
    • Pemberton Heights
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Pemberton Heights is located in Burlington County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pemberton Heights
  • Mercer County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Twin Rivers
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northwest)
      • Twin Rivers is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Twin Rivers
    • Edinburg
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Edinburg is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Edinburg
    • Princeton Junction
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Princeton Junction is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Princeton Junction
    • Mercerville
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
      • Mercerville is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mercerville
    • Rosemont
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
      • Rosemont is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rosemont
    • White Horse
      (23 miles [37 km] to the west)
      • White Horse is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for White Horse
    • Princessville
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
      • Princessville is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Princessville
    • Warner Village
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the west)
      • Warner Village is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warner Village
    • Eldridge Park
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Eldridge Park is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Eldridge Park
    • Lawrenceville
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Lawrenceville is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lawrenceville
    • Trenton
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • Trenton is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Trenton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 82,957 people
    • Mount Rose
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Mount Rose is located in Mercer County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mount Rose
  • Middlesex County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Moerls Corner
      (12 miles [19.3 km] to the north)
      • Moerls Corner is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Moerls Corner
    • Concordia
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northwest)
      • Concordia is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Concordia
    • Clearbrook Park
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Clearbrook Park is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clearbrook Park
    • Cranbury Station
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Cranbury Station is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cranbury Station
    • Whittingham
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Whittingham is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Whittingham
    • Brownville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the north)
      • Brownville is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brownville
    • Jamesburg
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Jamesburg is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jamesburg
    • Rossmoor
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Rossmoor is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rossmoor
    • Cheesequake
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the north)
      • Cheesequake is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cheesequake
    • Morristown
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the north)
      • Morristown is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Morristown
    • Cranbury
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Cranbury is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cranbury
    • Old Bridge
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the north)
      • Old Bridge is located in Middlesex County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Old Bridge
  • Ocean County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Bennetts Mills
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
      • Bennetts Mills is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bennetts Mills
    • Vista Center
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southwest)
      • Vista Center is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Vista Center
    • Lakewood
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
      • Lakewood is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lakewood
    • Van Hiseville
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Van Hiseville is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Van Hiseville
    • Whitesville
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
      • Whitesville is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Whitesville
    • Williams
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
      • Williams is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Williams
    • Cedar Glen West
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the south)
      • Cedar Glen West is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cedar Glen West
    • Herbertsville
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Herbertsville is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Herbertsville
    • Winding River Village
      (9 miles [14.5 km] to the southeast)
    • Arrowhead Village
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Arrowhead Village is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Arrowhead Village
    • Leisure Knoll
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the south)
      • Leisure Knoll is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leisure Knoll
    • Leisure Village East
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Leisure Village East is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Leisure Village East
  • Somerset County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Somerset
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Somerset is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Somerset
    • Blackwells Mills
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Blackwells Mills is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Blackwells Mills
    • Middlebush
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the northwest)
      • Middlebush is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Middlebush
    • Ukrainian Village
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Ukrainian Village is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ukrainian Village
    • Harlingen
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Harlingen is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Harlingen
    • Skillman
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Skillman is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Skillman
    • Bound Brook
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Bound Brook is located in Somerset County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bound Brook
  • Union County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Perth Amboy Junction
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Perth Amboy Junction is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Perth Amboy Junction
    • Rahway
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Rahway is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rahway
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 29,832 people
    • Tremley
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Tremley is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tremley
    • Clark
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
      • Clark is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clark
    • Linden
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
      • Linden is located in Union County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Linden
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 42,076 people
  • Kings County (NY)
    • Coney Island
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
      • Coney Island is located in Kings County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Coney Island
  • Richmond County (NY)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Tottenville
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
      • Tottenville is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tottenville
    • Annadale
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the north)
      • Annadale is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Annadale
    • Great Kills
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
      • Great Kills is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Great Kills
    • Oakwood
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the north)
      • Oakwood is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakwood
    • Grant City
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Grant City is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grant City
    • Heartland Village
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
      • Heartland Village is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Heartland Village
    • Bloomfield
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Bloomfield is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bloomfield
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,303 people
    • Old Town Station
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Old Town Station is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Old Town Station
    • Fort Wadsworth
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
      • Fort Wadsworth is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fort Wadsworth
    • Graniteville
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
      • Graniteville is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Graniteville
    • Staten Island
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
    • Westerleigh
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the north)
      • Westerleigh is located in Richmond County (NY)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Westerleigh
  • Bucks County (PA)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.
    • Morrisville
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
    • Wheat Sheaf
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
      • Wheat Sheaf is located in Bucks County (PA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wheat Sheaf
    • Tullytown
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the west)
      • Tullytown is located in Bucks County (PA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tullytown
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,177 people
    • Edgely
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the west)
      • Edgely is located in Bucks County (PA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Edgely
    • Levittown
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the west)
    • Thornridge
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the west)
      • Thornridge is located in Bucks County (PA)
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Thornridge

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Fort Plains, see our County-by-County Page for Fort Plains.

Cemeteries Near Fort Plains ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Fort Plains.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Fort Plains - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Fort Plains covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.

  • Evergreen Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Woodlawn Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the south)
  • Maplewood Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
  • Quaker Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  • Brewer Cemetery
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  • St. Rose of Lima Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
  • Mt. Sinai Cemetery
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  • Whitesville Methodist Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
  • Greenwood Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
  • Greenville Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greenville Cemetery
    • To give a relative sense of its location, the Greenville Cemetery is a large cemetery that is located in Lakewood.
    • The Greenville Cemetery has also been known as:
    • Holy Family RC Church Cemetery
    • Jump to Find-A-Grave: FG ID #1650658 <2>
  • Mt. Sinai Cemetery
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the southeast)
  • Monmouth Memorial Park
    (7 miles [11.3 km] to the east)
  • Continue List   (205 more) ...

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Fort Plains in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Fort Plains.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Fort Plains, with the one closest to Fort Plains listed first.

  • Ardena
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
    • Ardena is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ardena
  • Bennetts Mills
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
    • Bennetts Mills is located in Ocean County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bennetts Mills
  • Southard
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
    • Southard is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Southard
  • West Freehold
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
    • West Freehold is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for West Freehold
  • Freehold
    (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
    • Freehold is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Freehold
  • Lower Squankum
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
    • Lower Squankum is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lower Squankum
  • Squankum
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
    • Squankum is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Squankum
  • Smithburg
    (5 miles [8 km] to the west)
    • Smithburg is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Smithburg
  • Van Hiseville
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southwest)
    • Van Hiseville is located in Ocean County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Van Hiseville
  • Lakewood
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the south)
    • Lakewood is located in Ocean County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lakewood
  • Allaire Village ‑ Historic
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the east)
    • Allaire Village is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Allaire Village
    • Allaire Village has also been known as:
    • Allaire
  • East Freehold
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
    • East Freehold is located in Monmouth County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Freehold
  • Continue List   (14 more) ...
    • Whitesville
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the south)
      • Whitesville is located in Ocean County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Whitesville
    • Tennent
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Tennent is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Tennent
    • Ely
      (7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
      • Ely is located in Monmouth County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ely

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Fort Plains. See our List of 1890's Communities around Fort Plains.

Newspapers Published in Fort Plains ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 28 newspapers that have been published in the area around Fort Plains.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Fort Plains, there are papers which were published within 7 miles [11.3 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Fort Plains.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we start with the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites either offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Fort Plains:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Fort Plains, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Fort Plains) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.