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Our Genealogy Helper

Introduction ...

We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:

  • That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
  • We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
  • On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.

By learning about Irondale (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.

As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for Irondale. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.

Neighboring Counties ...

When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.

For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the southeast corner of their home county. During their lives, most doctors were in the next county to the east. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the south.

So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived:  their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the east contained birth and death records; the county to the south contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.

If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.

Irondale is located in Madison County.

To see how the shape of Indiana's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.

The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Madison County: Delaware, Grant, Hamilton, Hancock, Henry & Tipton.

Below are the counties that are near Irondale. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to Irondale:

  • Madison County     (The home county of Irondale)
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Glyn Ellen
      (Less than 2 miles to the northeast)
      • Glyn Ellen is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Glyn Ellen
    • Anderson
      (Less than 2 miles to the west)
    • Country Club Heights
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northwest)
      • Country Club Heights is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Country Club Heights
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 77 people
    • North Anderson
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northwest)
      • North Anderson is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Anderson
    • Woodlawn Heights
      (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northwest)
      • Woodlawn Heights is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodlawn Heights
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 73 people
    • Chesterfield
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
    • River Forest
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
      • River Forest is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for River Forest
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 22 people
    • Western Village
      (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
      • Western Village is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Western Village
    • Edgewood
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the west)
      • Edgewood is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Edgewood
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,850 people
    • Prosperity
      (5 miles [8 km] to the north)
      • Prosperity is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Prosperity
    • Florida
      (5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
      • Florida is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Florida
    • Edgewood Village
      (5 miles [8 km] to the west)
      • Edgewood Village is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Edgewood Village
    • Markleville
      (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
  • Blackford County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Shamrock Lakes
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
      • Shamrock Lakes is located in Blackford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shamrock Lakes
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 217 people
    • Hartford City
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
    • Renner ‑ Historic
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
      • Renner is located in Blackford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Renner
    • Millgrove
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northeast)
      • Millgrove is located in Blackford County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Millgrove
  • Delaware County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Daleville
      (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
    • Progress
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the east)
      • Progress is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Progress
    • Yorktown
      (11 miles [17.7 km] to the northeast)
    • Cowan
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
      • Cowan is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cowan
    • Oakville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
      • Oakville is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakville
    • Andersonville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the northeast)
      • Andersonville is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Andersonville
    • Muncie
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the northeast)
      • Muncie is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Muncie
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 67,523 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Muncie <1>
    • Gaston
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northeast)
    • Liberty Corners
      (18 miles [29 km] to the east)
      • Liberty Corners is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Liberty Corners
    • Janney
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the north)
      • Janney is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Janney
    • Selma
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the east)
    • Desoto
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the northeast)
      • Desoto is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Desoto
    • Eaton
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northeast)
      • Eaton is located in Delaware County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Eaton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,726 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Eaton <1>
  • Grant County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Rigdon
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the north)
      • Rigdon is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rigdon
    • Fairmount
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the north)
    • Fowlerton
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the north)
      • Fowlerton is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fowlerton
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 250 people
    • Matthews
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the north)
      • Matthews is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Matthews
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 553 people
    • Hackleman
      (22 miles [35.4 km] to the north)
      • Hackleman is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hackleman
    • Jonesboro
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
    • Upland
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
    • Gas City
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the north)
    • Herbst
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Herbst is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Herbst
    • Michaelsville
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Michaelsville is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Michaelsville
    • Sims
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
      • Sims is located in Grant County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sims
    • Swayzee
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the north)
  • Hamilton County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Aroma
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the northwest)
      • Aroma is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Aroma
    • Durbin
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the west)
      • Durbin is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Durbin
    • Clarksville
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the west)
      • Clarksville is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clarksville
    • Luxhaven
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the southwest)
      • Luxhaven is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Luxhaven
    • Strawtown
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the west)
      • Strawtown is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Strawtown
    • Omega
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Omega is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Omega
    • Olio
      (16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Olio is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Olio
    • Fishers
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
    • Noblesville
      (18 miles [29 km] to the west)
    • Bridgewater
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southwest)
      • Bridgewater is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Bridgewater
    • Arcadia
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
    • Cicero
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
    • Monterey Village
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
      • Monterey Village is located in Hamilton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Monterey Village
  • Hancock County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Warrington
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
      • Warrington is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warrington
    • Shirley
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
      • Shirley is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Shirley
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 906 people
    • Wilkinson
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the south)
    • Colonial Village
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Colonial Village is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Colonial Village
    • Eden
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the southwest)
      • Eden is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Eden
    • Willow Branch
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the south)
      • Willow Branch is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Willow Branch
    • Fortville
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the southwest)
    • Maxwell
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Maxwell is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Maxwell
    • Denny Corner
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the southwest)
      • Denny Corner is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Denny Corner
    • Woodbury
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southwest)
      • Woodbury is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Woodbury
    • McCordsville
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southwest)
    • Mohawk
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southwest)
      • Mohawk is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mohawk
    • Charlottesville
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the south)
      • Charlottesville is located in Hancock County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Charlottesville
  • Henry County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Middletown
      (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
    • Cadiz
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the southeast)
      • Cadiz is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cadiz
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 136 people
    • Sulphur Springs
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the southeast)
      • Sulphur Springs is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sulphur Springs
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 371 people
    • Springport
      (14 miles [22.5 km] to the east)
    • Luray
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the east)
      • Luray is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Luray
    • Kennard
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Kennard is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kennard
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 446 people
    • Mount Summit
      (15 miles [24.1 km] to the southeast)
    • Grant City
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the south)
      • Grant City is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grant City
    • Foley
      (17 miles [27.4 km] to the southeast)
      • Foley is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Foley
    • Greensboro
      (18 miles [29 km] to the southeast)
      • Greensboro is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Greensboro
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 137 people
    • New Castle
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the southeast)
    • Messick
      (20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
      • Messick is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Messick
    • Spiceland
      (21 miles [33.8 km] to the southeast)
  • Howard County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Guy
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Guy is located in Howard County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Guy
    • Jerome
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the northwest)
      • Jerome is located in Howard County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jerome
    • Greentown
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
    • Hemlock
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
      • Hemlock is located in Howard County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hemlock
  • Jay County
    • Dunkirk
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
  • Kosciusko County
    • Warsaw
      (13 miles [20.9 km] to the south)
      • Warsaw is located in Kosciusko County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warsaw
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 15,200 people
      • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Warsaw <1>
  • Marion County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Lawrence
      (23 miles [37 km] to the southwest)
    • Castleton
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
    • Cumberland
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the southwest)
    • Williams Creek
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
      • Williams Creek is located in Marion County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Williams Creek
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 429 people
    • Meridian Hills
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)
      • Meridian Hills is located in Marion County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Meridian Hills
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,718 people
    • Warren Park
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southwest)
      • Warren Park is located in Marion County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Warren Park
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 1,574 people
  • Randolph County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Windsor
      (23 miles [37 km] to the east)
      • Windsor is located in Randolph County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Windsor
    • Parker City
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the east)
    • Losantville
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
    • Farmland
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
    • Modoc
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
      • Modoc is located in Randolph County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Modoc
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 174 people
  • Rush County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Carthage
      (25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
    • Mays
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
      • Mays is located in Rush County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mays
    • Raleigh
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
      • Raleigh is located in Rush County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Raleigh
    • Henderson
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the south)
      • Henderson is located in Rush County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Henderson
  • Shelby County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Fountaintown
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the south)
      • Fountaintown is located in Shelby County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fountaintown
    • Morristown
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the south)
    • Gwynneville
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the south)
      • Gwynneville is located in Shelby County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Gwynneville
  • Tipton County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Hobbs
      (19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
    • Tipton
      (23 miles [37 km] to the northwest)
    • Windfall City
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
      • Windfall City is located in Tipton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Windfall City
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 793 people
    • Windfall
      (24 miles [38.6 km] to the northwest)
    • East Union
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
      • East Union is located in Tipton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Union
    • Nevada
      (27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
      • Nevada is located in Tipton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nevada
    • Jericho ‑ Historic
      (28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
      • Jericho is located in Tipton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Jericho
    • Goldsmith
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
      • Goldsmith is located in Tipton County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Goldsmith
    • Sharpsville
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the northwest)
  • Wayne County
    • The following are listed by their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.
    • Franklin
      (26 miles [41.8 km] to the east)
      • Franklin is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Franklin
    • Hagerstown
      (29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
    • Dublin
      (30 miles [48.3 km] to the southeast)
      • Dublin is located in Wayne County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Dublin
      • Population from the 2020 Census: 746 people

For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to Irondale, see our County-by-County Page for Irondale.

Cemeteries Near Irondale ...

Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of Irondale.

This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.

Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for Irondale - one of the links might be able to help.

If not found below, our Cemetery List for Irondale covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.

The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.

  • Harmeson Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
  • Vandeventer Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the southwest)
  • Maplewood Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the north)
  • West Maplewood Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the northwest)
  • St. Marys Cemetery
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Pleasant Walk Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
  • Bronnenberg Cemetery
    (2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
  • Booco Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
  • Clem Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the southeast)
  • Nelson Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the northeast)
  • Moss Cemetery
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the west)
  • Anderson Memorial Park
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
  • Continue List   (364 more) ...
    • Keesling Cemetery
      (4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
    • Peewee Cemetery
      (5 miles [8 km] to the south)
    • Gilmore Cemetery
      (5 miles [8 km] to the south)

Nearby Communities in 1895 ...

We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<3>

While we didn't find Irondale in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of Irondale.

These communities are listed based on their distance from Irondale, with the one closest to Irondale listed first.

  • Anderson
    (Less than 2 miles to the west)
  • Chesterfield
    (3 miles [4.8 km] to the east)
  • Alliance
    (4 miles [6.4 km] to the south)
    • Alliance is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Alliance
  • Daleville
    (5 miles [8 km] to the east)
  • Florida
    (5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
    • Florida is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Florida
  • Linwood
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
    • Linwood is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Linwood
  • Middletown
    (6 miles [9.7 km] to the southeast)
  • Pendleton
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
  • Markleville
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
  • Mechanicsburg
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the southeast)
    • Mechanicsburg is located in Henry County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Mechanicsburg
  • Cross Roads
    (8 miles [12.9 km] to the east)
    • Cross Roads is located in Delaware County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cross Roads
  • Lapel
    (10 miles [16.1 km] to the west)
    • Lapel is located in Madison County
    • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lapel
    • Population from the 2020 Census: 2,412 people
    • Jump to TripAdvisor's Tourism page for Lapel <1>
  • Continue List   (17 more) ...
    • Honey Creek
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the southeast)
      • Honey Creek is located in Henry County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Honey Creek
    • Frankton
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the northwest)
    • Fishersburg
      (10 miles [16.1 km] to the west)
      • Fishersburg is located in Madison County
      • Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fishersburg

We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around Irondale. See our List of 1890's Communities around Irondale.

Newspapers Published in Irondale ...

An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).

To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.

Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 51 newspapers that have been published in the area around Irondale.

Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Irondale, there are papers which were published within 19 miles [30.6 km]<4>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for Irondale.

Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...

When we do our genealogical research, we first visit the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These professional and volunteer websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.

To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to Irondale:

Footnotes ...

<1>While we're fans and frequent users of TripAdvisor, you should know that we're also members of the TripAdvisor affiliate program.
<2>The Find-a-Grave website is an excellent research tool with information about a cemetery's location and interments. They also offer a forum for their members which can provide additional help. More information about Find-a-Grave can be found on their website: findagrave.com.
<3>We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about Irondale, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy.
<4>Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'straight-line' distance. A straight line distance ignores obstructions like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Irondale) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'.