Extended Newspaper List

Introduction ...

Below are 80 newspapers that have been published within 25 miles [40.2 km]<1> of Hidden Palms. The list has been sorted by paper name.

Cathedral Citizen (from 1981)
- Published in Cathedral City [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1981 to 1985
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Cathedral Citizen
- Holdings for: LCCN SN83002055
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9287490
Cathedral City Post (from 1998)
- Published in Cathedral City [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1998 to 1999
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Cathedral City Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061282
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39595695
Cathedral City Post (from 1985)
- Published in Cathedral City [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1985 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Cathedral City Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN85006838
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 12401682
Coachella Valley Family News (from 199?)
- Published in Rancho Mirage [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 199? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Family News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN99060864
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 43373209
Coachella Valley News And Indio Index
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- The first year of publication is unknown, with the last issue in 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley News And Indio Index
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070118
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26792208
Coachella Valley Press (from 1950)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1950 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Press
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2001060301
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 46347387
Coachella Valley Submarine And Bee (from 1917)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1917 to 1919
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Submarine And Bee
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060643
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44699635
Coachella Valley Submarine (from 1919)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1919 to 1942
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Submarine
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060644
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44699640
Coachella Valley Submarine (from 19??)
- Published in Thermal [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to 1917
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Submarine
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061251
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 33354183
Coachella Valley Sun (from 198?)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 198? to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Coachella Valley Sun
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94051087
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 30337771
Country Club & Desert Weekly News (from 1980)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1980 to 1981
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Country Club & Desert Weekly News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2010271073
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 664014381
Country Club And Condominium News (from 1979)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1979 to 1980
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Country Club And Condominium News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2010271072
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 664017046
Daily News For Eagle Mountain (from 19??)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Daily News For Eagle Mountain
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060649
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45093014
Daily News For Palm Desert (from 19??)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Daily News For Palm Desert
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060650
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45093005
Daily News (from 1959)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1959 to 1990
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Daily News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070117
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26835232
Date Palm (from 191?)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 191? to 1959
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Date Palm
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94051134
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 30339939
Desert Journal (from 19??)
- Published in Joshua Tree [San Bernardino County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Journal
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069544
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 37186867
Desert Mobile Home News (from 19??)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Mobile Home News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN99060865
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 43373231
Desert Post Weekly (from 2000)
- Published in Cathedral City [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 2000 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Post Weekly
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060513
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44505524
Desert Post (from 1980)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1980 to 198?
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN83002047
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9286022
Desert Rancher (from 19??)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Rancher
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2011271174
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 722368013
Desert Sentinel (from 1952)
- Published in Desert Hot Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1952 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Sentinel
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069665
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 38004999
Desert Times (from 196?)
- Published in Cathedral City [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 196? to 1964
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Times
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060511
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44505363
Desert Views (from 194?)
- Published in Joshua Tree [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 194? to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Views
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069542
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 37186898
Desert Weekly News (from 1981)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1981 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Desert Weekly News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2010271074
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 664021169
Hi-desert Star (from 1957)
- Published in Yucca Valley [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1957 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Hi-desert Star
- Holdings for: LCCN SN83008764
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9869459
Hi-desert Sun (from 1963)
- Published in Joshua Tree [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1963 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Hi-desert Sun
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069543
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 37186906
Idyllwild Town Crier (from 1957)
- Published in Idyllwild [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1957 to 1969
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Idyllwild Town Crier
- Holdings for: LCCN SN93052496
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 27263438
Idyllwild Town Crier (from 1971)
- Published in Idyllwild [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1971 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Idyllwild Town Crier
- Holdings for: LCCN SN93052499
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 27263446
Indio News (from 1926)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1926 to 1959
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Indio News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070116
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26835241
Indio Post (from 19??)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Indio Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060528
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092210
Informador Del Valle (from 19??)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Informador Del Valle
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94052459
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 31307731
Joshua Journal (from 1945)
- Published in Joshua Tree [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1945 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Joshua Journal
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94051059
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 30333769
La Prensa Hispana (from 199?)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 199? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the La Prensa Hispana
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2001060305
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 46614686
La Voz Del Valle (from 1991)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1991 to ????
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the La Voz Del Valle
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94052453
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 31232119
Observation Post (from 19??)
- Published in Twentynine Palms [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Observation Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069546
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 10700521
Palm Desert News (from 19??)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Desert News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060533
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092487
Palm Desert Post (from 1963)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1963 to 1980
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Desert Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070120
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26792216
Palm Desert Post (from 198?)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 198? to 1989
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Desert Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060500
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 43620803
Palm Desert Resorter (from 1958)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1958 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Desert Resorter
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060531
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092295
Palm Springs Limelight-News (from 1942)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1942 to 1950
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs Limelight-News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061136
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32887743
Palm Springs Limelight (from 194?)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 194? to 1942
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs Limelight
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92060515
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26618628
Palm Springs Limelight (from 19??)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 19?? to 1946
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs Limelight
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94093026
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 33390501
Palm Springs Limelight (from 1933)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1933 to 1935
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs Limelight
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061125
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32887696
Palm Springs News And Palm Springs Limelight News (from 1950)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1950 to 195?
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs News And Palm Springs Limelight News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061299
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39694452
Palm Springs News Palm Springs Limelight News (from 1950)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Published during 1950
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs News Palm Springs Limelight News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061297
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39694432
Palm Springs News (from 1933)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1933 to 1942
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061131
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32887725
Palm Springs News (from 1950)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Published during 1950
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061298
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39694443
Palm Springs Star (from 1961)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1961 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Palm Springs Star
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069664
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 38004954
Pioneertown Gazette (from 1947)
- Published in Pioneertown [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1947 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Pioneertown Gazette
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061914
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 33388589
Post Script (from 1980)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1980 to ????
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Post Script
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070121
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 27000235
Rancho Mirage Chronicle (from 197?)
- Published in Rancho Mirage [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 197? to 1985
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Rancho Mirage Chronicle
- Holdings for: LCCN SN83002048
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9286049
Rancho Mirage Post (from 1985)
- Published in Rancho Mirage [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1985 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Rancho Mirage Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN85006837
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 12401487
Sun Shopper (from 1971)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1971 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Sun Shopper
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2006060136
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 74323544
The C.V. Sun For Coachella Valley (from 1973)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1973 to 198?
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The C.V. Sun For Coachella Valley
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060647
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44699671
The Coachella Valley Sun (from 1952)
- Published in Coachella [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1952 to 1973
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Coachella Valley Sun
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060646
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 44699665
The Desert Barnacle (from 1945)
- Published in Mecca [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1945 to 1946
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Barnacle
- Holdings for: LCCN SN94051560
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 30350760
The Desert Hot Springs Sentinel (from 1947)
- Published in Desert Hot Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1947 to 1952
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Hot Springs Sentinel
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060666
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092987
The Desert Sentinel (from 194?)
- Published in Desert Hot Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 194? to 1947
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Sentinel
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060665
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092984
The Desert Star (from 1957)
- Published in Yucca Valley [San Bernardino County]
- Published during 1957
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Star
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97060399
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 37190187
The Desert Sun And Palm Springs News (from 1952)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1952 to 1954
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Sun And Palm Springs News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061281
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39590659
The Desert Sun (from 1954)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1954 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Sun
- Holdings for: LCCN SN92070115
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26432381
The Desert Sun (from 193?)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 193? to 1952
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Sun
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061280
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39589065
The Desert Trail (from 1935)
- Published in Twentynine Palms [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1935 to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert Trail
- Holdings for: LCCN SN83003233
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 10127273
The Desert View (from 1976)
- Published in Desert Hot Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1976 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Desert View
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060529
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092239
The Indio Index (from 1908)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1908 to 191?
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Indio Index
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2001060304
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 46347359
The Limelight (from 1935)
- Published in Palm Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1935 to 194?
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Limelight
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061130
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32887707
The Out Post (from 1932)
- Published in Twentynine Palms [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1932 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Out Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97069541
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 37186878
The Resorter (from 19??)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Published during 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Resorter
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060532
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092311
The Sentinel The Desert View (from 1977)
- Published in Twentynine Palms [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1977 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Sentinel The Desert View
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061078
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32576014
The Sentinel (from 1976)
- Published in Twentynine Palms [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1976 to 1977
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Sentinel
- Holdings for: LCCN SN95061075
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 32576030
The Submarine Of The Coachella Valley (from 190?)
- Published in Thermal [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 190? to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Submarine Of The Coachella Valley
- Holdings for: LCCN SN97060375
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 36973510
The Submarine (from 1901)
- Published in Indio [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1901 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Submarine
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060530
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 45092284
The Valley Breeze (from ????)
- Published in Desert Hot Springs [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: ???? to current
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for The Valley Breeze
- Holdings for: LCCN SN2003061001
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 51795693
Town Crier (from 1969)
- Published in Idyllwild [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1969 to 1971
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Town Crier
- Holdings for: LCCN SN93052498
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 27263443
Town Crier (from 1946)
- Published in Idyllwild [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 1946 to 1957
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Town Crier
- Holdings for: LCCN SN98061273
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 39374101
Weekend Desert Post (from 198?)
- Published in Palm Desert [Riverside County]
- Years of publication: 198? to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Weekend Desert Post
- Holdings for: LCCN SN84001868
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 11392717
Yucca Valley Graphic-News (from 1950)
- Published in Yucca Valley [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1950 to 19??
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Yucca Valley Graphic-News
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060046
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 43976228
Yucca Valley Progress (from 1957)
- Published in Yucca Valley [San Bernardino County]
- Years of publication: 1957 to ????
- Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
- Catalog Card for the Yucca Valley Progress
- Holdings for: LCCN SN00060007
- Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 43388491

Footnotes ...

<1>

Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores obstructions like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line from Point A (ie- Hidden Palms) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point in Hidden Palms. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 33.8203, Longitude: -116.3014 In this case, the coordinates for Hidden Palms have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).