Our Genealogy Helper
Introduction ...
We have a couple of goals for our Gazetteer:
- That it be a tool which helps us with planning our trips.
- We're trying to shape our Gazetteer as a tool to help us understand the community in which our ancestors lived, the community that was part of their daily lives.
- On our trips, we try to visit those places where our ancestors left their footprints.
By learning about North Lowell (and the surrounding area) during the time that our ancestors lived, we hope to have a better understanding of both their community and its relationship to their lifes. We hope that this tool helps to give us an insight into their world.
As we add data and organize our Gazetteer to help with our family research, we will be adding to this our Genealogical Helper for North Lowell. While we don't have information that is specific to any given person or family, we intend to expand our understanding about where and how people lived.
Name Variations for North Lowell ...
When searching records, keep in mind that names and their spelling can change over time. Our sources include documents like maps, railroad schedules, Travel, Express and Shipping Guides. Many of these documents date from the 1800's and it's common to find spelling differences.
For example, a typical abbreviation for North Lowell: N. Lowell
If you have information about these names (such as the reason for the change, date of change, the origin of the name), please Contact Us.
Neighboring Counties ...
When searching for family records, we have frequently made the mistake of not checking the neighboring counties.
For example, we have great-grandparents who lived in the northwest corner of their home county. During their lives, most hospitals were in the next county to the west. Almost all of the nearby churches and cemeteries were in the county to the north.
So when searching for records, we had our best success by looking in neighboring counties instead of the county in which they lived: their home county contained property and probate records; the county to the west contained birth and death records; the county to the north contained their burial records. If we hadn't included the neighboring counties, we would have missed many valuable sources of information.
If you're in a similar situation, we hope that the following information helps.
North Lowell is located in Dodge County.
To see how the shape of Wisconsin's counties may have changed over time, we recommend the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries.
The following counties adjoin and form the boundaries of Dodge County: Columbia, Dane, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Jefferson, Washington & Waukesha.
Below are the counties that are near North Lowell. For each of these counties, we show a sample of those communities that are closest to North Lowell:
- Dodge County (The home county of North Lowell)
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Lowell
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
- Lowell is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lowell
- Population from the 2020 Census: 322 people
- Juneau
(5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
- Juneau is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Juneau
- Population from the 2020 Census: 2,532 people
- Clyman
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Clyman is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clyman
- Population from the 2020 Census: 396 people
- Reeseville
(5 miles [8 km] to the southwest)
- Reeseville is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Reeseville
- Population from the 2020 Census: 673 people
- Beaver Dam
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
- Beaver Dam is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Beaver Dam
- Population from the 2020 Census: 16,303 people
- Minnesota Junction
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
- Minnesota Junction is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Minnesota Junction
- Astico
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the west)
- Astico is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Astico
- Hustisford
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the east)
- Hustisford is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hustisford
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,060 people
- Horicon
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the northeast)
- Horicon is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Horicon
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,680 people
- Burnett
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the northeast)
- Burnett is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Burnett
- Iron Ridge
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the east)
- Iron Ridge is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Iron Ridge
- Population from the 2020 Census: 884 people
- Atwater
(13 miles [20.9 km] to the north)
- Atwater is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Atwater
- Columbia County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Columbus
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the west)
- Columbus is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Columbus
- Population from the 2020 Census: 5,117 people
- Fall River
(12 miles [19.3 km] to the west)
- Fall River is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fall River
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,757 people
- Englewood
(14 miles [22.5 km] to the west)
- Englewood is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Englewood
- Doylestown
(18 miles [29 km] to the west)
- Doylestown is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Doylestown
- Population from the 2020 Census: 299 people
- Otsego
(18 miles [29 km] to the west)
- Otsego is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Otsego
- Cambria
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the northwest)
- Cambria is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cambria
- Population from the 2020 Census: 748 people
- Friesland
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the northwest)
- Friesland is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Friesland
- Population from the 2020 Census: 341 people
- Rio
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the west)
- Rio is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rio
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,047 people
- Keyeser
(23 miles [37 km] to the west)
- Keyeser is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Keyeser
- North Leeds
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the west)
- North Leeds is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Leeds
- Pardeeville
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
- Pardeeville is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pardeeville
- Population from the 2020 Census: 2,053 people
- Wyocena
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the west)
- Wyocena is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wyocena
- Population from the 2020 Census: 727 people
- Former names for Wyocena:
- Duck Creek
- Wiocena
- Dane County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Marshall
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the southwest)
- Marshall is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Marshall
- Population from the 2020 Census: 4,016 people
- East Bristol
(19 miles [30.6 km] to the west)
- East Bristol is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for East Bristol
- North Bristol
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the west)
- North Bristol is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for North Bristol
- Pierceville
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the southwest)
- Pierceville is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Pierceville
- Sun Prairie
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the southwest)
- Sun Prairie is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Sun Prairie
- Population from the 2020 Census: 35,119 people
- Deerfield
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the southwest)
- Deerfield is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Deerfield
- Population from the 2020 Census: 2,540 people
- Cambridge
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the southwest)
- Cambridge is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cambridge
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,538 people
- Cottage Grove
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the southwest)
- Cottage Grove is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cottage Grove
- Population from the 2020 Census: 7,158 people
- DeForest
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- DeForest is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for DeForest
- Population from the 2020 Census: 10,915 people
- Morrisonville
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the west)
- Morrisonville is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Morrisonville
- Burke
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
- Burke is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Burke
- Rockdale
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the southwest)
- Rockdale is located in Dane County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rockdale
- Population from the 2020 Census: 216 people
- Fond du Lac County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Ladoga
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the north)
- Ladoga is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ladoga
- Oakfield
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
- Oakfield is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oakfield
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,088 people
- Saint Kilian
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the northeast)
- Saint Kilian is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint Kilian
- Brandon
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the north)
- Brandon is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Brandon
- Population from the 2020 Census: 845 people
- Fairwater
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the north)
- Fairwater is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Fairwater
- Population from the 2020 Census: 352 people
- Ashford
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
- Ashford is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ashford
- Byron
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the northeast)
- Byron is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Byron
- Metomen
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the north)
- Metomen is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Metomen
- Elmore
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the northeast)
- Elmore is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Elmore
- Kewaskum
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
- Kewaskum is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kewaskum
- Population from the 2020 Census: 4,296 people
- Campbellsport
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
- Campbellsport is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Campbellsport
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,811 people
- Marblehead
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the northeast)
- Marblehead is located in Fond du Lac County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Marblehead
- Green Lake County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Utley
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the north)
- Utley is located in Green Lake County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Utley
- Markesan
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northwest)
- Markesan is located in Green Lake County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Markesan
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,389 people
- Kingston
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the northwest)
- Kingston is located in Green Lake County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Kingston
- Population from the 2020 Census: 319 people
- Marquette
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the northwest)
- Marquette is located in Green Lake County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Marquette
- Population from the 2020 Census: 154 people
- Jefferson County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Watertown
(12 miles [19.3 km] to the south)
- Watertown is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Watertown
- Population from the 2020 Census: 23,370 people
- Grellton
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the south)
- Grellton is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Grellton
- Waterloo
(16 miles [25.7 km] to the southwest)
- Waterloo is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Waterloo
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,322 people
- Milford
(18 miles [29 km] to the south)
- Milford is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Milford
- Ixonia
(18 miles [29 km] to the southeast)
- Ixonia is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Ixonia
- Johnson Creek
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the south)
- Johnson Creek is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Johnson Creek
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,065 people
- Lac La Belle
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
- Lac La Belle is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lac La Belle
- Population from the 2020 Census: 302 people
- Lake Lac La Belle
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
- Lake Lac La Belle is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Lac La Belle
- Farmington
(21 miles [33.8 km] to the south)
- Farmington is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Farmington
- Lake Mills
(21 miles [33.8 km] to the south)
- Lake Mills is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Mills
- Population from the 2020 Census: 6,014 people
- Concord
(23 miles [37 km] to the southeast)
- Concord is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Concord
- Helenville
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the south)
- Helenville is located in Jefferson County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Helenville
- Washington County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Hartford
(21 miles [33.8 km] to the east)
- Hartford is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hartford
- Population from the 2020 Census: 15,675 people
- Thompson
(22 miles [35.4 km] to the east)
- Thompson is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Thompson
- Allenton
(23 miles [37 km] to the east)
- Allenton is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Allenton
- Saint Lawrence
(23 miles [37 km] to the east)
- Saint Lawrence is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Saint Lawrence
- Aurora
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
- Aurora is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Aurora
- Cedar Lake
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
- Cedar Lake is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cedar Lake
- Slinger
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the east)
- Slinger is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Slinger
- Population from the 2020 Census: 5,704 people
- Wayne
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the northeast)
- Wayne is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Wayne
- Cedar Creek
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the east)
- Cedar Creek is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Cedar Creek
- Rugby Junction
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the east)
- Rugby Junction is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rugby Junction
- Lake Five
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
- Lake Five is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lake Five
- Barton
(30 miles [48.3 km] to the east)
- Barton is located in Washington County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Barton
- Waukesha County
- The following are listed by their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Monterey
(20 miles [32.2 km] to the southeast)
- Monterey is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Monterey
- Oconomowoc
(23 miles [37 km] to the southeast)
- Oconomowoc is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oconomowoc
- Population from the 2020 Census: 17,160 people
- Okauchee Lake
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
- Okauchee Lake is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Okauchee Lake
- Stonebank
(24 miles [38.6 km] to the southeast)
- Stonebank is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Stonebank
- Oconomowoc Lake
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
- Oconomowoc Lake is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Oconomowoc Lake
- Population from the 2020 Census: 606 people
- Okauchee
(25 miles [40.2 km] to the southeast)
- Okauchee is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Okauchee
- Chenequa
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the southeast)
- Chenequa is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Chenequa
- Population from the 2020 Census: 606 people
- Summit Center
(26 miles [41.8 km] to the southeast)
- Summit Center is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Summit Center
- Nashotah
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
- Nashotah is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Nashotah
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,361 people
- Summit
(27 miles [43.5 km] to the southeast)
- Summit is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Summit
- Population from the 2020 Census: 5,255 people
- Merton
(28 miles [45.1 km] to the southeast)
- Merton is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Merton
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,812 people
- Delafield
(29 miles [46.7 km] to the southeast)
- Delafield is located in Waukesha County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Delafield
- Population from the 2020 Census: 7,559 people
For an expanded list of the communities that are closest to North Lowell, see our County-by-County Page for North Lowell.
Cemeteries Near North Lowell ...
Below are cemeteries that are in the vicinity of North Lowell.
This is a new section and is likely to have errors. If you find an error, such as a missing cemetery or we have the wrong name, please let us know. If you know of them, we would also appreciate learning about previous or alternate names.
Although we don't have the information ourselves, if you need information about a burial or interment, photos, transcripts, how to contact the cemetery or local authorities, please visit our list of websites on our Genealogy Helper Page for North Lowell - one of the links might be able to help.
If not found below, our Cemetery List for North Lowell covers a larger area, with the cemeteries listed in alphabetical order.
The following cemeteries are listed based on their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- St. Johns Cemetery
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
- Oak Grove Cemetery
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the northeast)
- United Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the south)
- Clason Prairie Cemetery
(3 miles [4.8 km] to the north)
- Grove Prairie Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southwest)
- St. Isidore Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
- Clyman Center Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
- Mengel Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the southeast)
- St. Johns Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the east)
- Leipsig Cemetery
(4 miles [6.4 km] to the northwest)
- Fehling Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the east)
- St. Patricks Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
- Continue List (293 more) ...
- Tabor Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the east)
- St. Peter Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
- St. Peters Cemetery
(5 miles [8 km] to the northwest)
Nearby Communities in 1895 ...
We've built the following list with information that came from an Atlas published by Rand McNally in 1895. The Atlas had details such as the population of the community (which appears to have come from the 1890 Census) and whether there was a post office and/or railroad service available. We also indicate if the community no longer exists and is now historic.<1>
While we didn't find North Lowell in the Atlas, the following 1895 communities would have been found near the current location of North Lowell.
These communities are listed based on their distance from North Lowell, with the one closest to North Lowell listed first.
- Lowell
(2 miles [3.2 km] to the southwest)
- Lowell is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lowell
- Population from the 2020 Census: 322 people
- Reeseville
(5 miles [8 km] to the southwest)
- Reeseville is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Reeseville
- Population from the 2020 Census: 673 people
- Clyman
(5 miles [8 km] to the southeast)
- Clyman is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Clyman
- Population from the 2020 Census: 396 people
- Juneau
(5 miles [8 km] to the northeast)
- Juneau is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Juneau
- Population from the 2020 Census: 2,532 people
- Beaver Dam
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the north)
- Beaver Dam is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Beaver Dam
- Population from the 2020 Census: 16,303 people
- Rolling Prairie
(6 miles [9.7 km] to the northeast)
- Rolling Prairie is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Rolling Prairie
- Minnesota Junction
(7 miles [11.3 km] to the northeast)
- Minnesota Junction is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Minnesota Junction
- Danville
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the southwest)
- Danville is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Danville
- Richwood
(8 miles [12.9 km] to the south)
- Richwood is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Richwood
- Hustisford
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the east)
- Hustisford is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Hustisford
- Population from the 2020 Census: 1,060 people
- Horicon
(9 miles [14.5 km] to the northeast)
- Horicon is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Horicon
- Population from the 2020 Census: 3,680 people
- Burnett
(10 miles [16.1 km] to the northeast)
- Burnett is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Burnett
- Continue List (14 more) ...
- Columbus
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the west)
- Columbus is located in Columbia County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Columbus
- Population from the 2020 Census: 5,117 people
- Lebanon
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the southeast)
- Lebanon is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lebanon
- Lost Lake
(11 miles [17.7 km] to the northwest)
- Lost Lake is located in Dodge County
- Jump to our Gazetteer entry for Lost Lake
We've also created an expanded list of communities that existed in the 1890's and were located in the area around North Lowell. See our List of 1890's Communities around North Lowell.
Newspapers Published in North Lowell ...
An ongoing effort between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has resulted in the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP).
To share their results, the partnership has created the Chronicling America website. The goal of this partnership is to assemble a database about the current and historic newspapers of the United States. This includes a growing collection of scanned images from selected papers. All of it available to the public on their website.
Using information that we've taken from the Chronicling America website, we've identified 141 newspapers that have been published in the area around North Lowell.
Although we're unaware of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of North Lowell, there are papers which were published within 26 miles [41.8 km]<2>. A list of those papers, sorted by paper name, can be found on the Extended Newspaper List for North Lowell.
Websites to Help With Your Genealogy Research ...
When we do our genealogical research, we begin with the websites from Cyndi's List, FamilySearch and Genealogy Trails. These websites offer the information directly or else point to where you can find it. Their information is open to everyone.
To help you get started, the following links will take you to the pages that are relevant to North Lowell:
- Websites specific to Wisconsin
- Pages specific to Dodge County
- Genealogy information for nearby counties
- Columbia County
- Dane County
- Fond du Lac County
- Green Lake County
- Jefferson County
- Washington County
- Waukesha County
- Cemetery Information and Directories for Wisconsin
Footnotes ...
| <1> | We use the term 'Historic' broadly and it generally means that the community no longer exists. However, it can also mean that the community might still exist, but was significantly larger or had a more 'official' existence in the past than it does now. Unfortunately our sources of data have proven to be unreliable. If you can provide us with more specific information about North Lowell, please let us know so that we can improve our accuracy. |
| <2> | Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores obstructions like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- North Lowell) to Point B. In other words: 'As the crow flies'. |