Local Newspapers

Introduction ...

Below are the newspapers that have been published in the vicinity of Union Center.

Our newspaper information for Union Center is based on data taken from the Chronicling America website. For more information, please see our description of the Chronicling America website.

We don't know of any newspapers that were published in the immediate area of Union Center. That said, we do have a list of papers that were published in the broader area surrounding Union Center. Our list contains 29 papers that were published within 28 miles [45.1 km]<1> of Union Center.

To keep this list from growing too long, not all of the papers have been listed. We have another list where all the papers have been listed in alphabetical order. The complete list can be found on the Extended Newspaper Page for Union Center.

Newspapers Neighboring Union Center ...

The following newspapers were published within 28 miles [45.1 km] of Union Center.

The papers have been grouped by the community in which they were published, with the communities listed in order of their distance from Union Center.

Published In Pullman ...
- Daily News (from 198?)
  - Years of publication: 198? to current
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Daily News
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN85007443
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 12156167
- Pullman News-Review (from 19??)
  - Years of publication: 19?? to 1966
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Pullman News-Review
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085938
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18435827
- The Pullman Tribune (from 1891)
  - Years of publication: 1891 to 1919
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Pullman Tribune
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2011252765
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 501023998
- The Pullman Tribune (from 1891)
  - Years of publication: 1891 to 1919
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Pullman Tribune
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88087185
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18768723
Published In Colfax ...
- Colfax Gazette (from 1958)
  - Years of publication: 1958 to 1989
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Colfax Gazette
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085458
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401166
- Palouse Gazette (from 1877)
  - Years of publication: 1877 to 1893
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Palouse Gazette
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085456
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401143
- People's Advocate (from 1892)
  - Years of publication: 1892 to 1898
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the People's Advocate
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085467
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404571
- The Colfax Commoner (from 1911)
  - Years of publication: 1911 to 1932
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Colfax Commoner
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085461
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401228
- The Colfax Gazette (from 1893)
  - Years of publication: 1893 to 1932
  - Issues available online: 633
  - Scanned issues: January 5, 1900 to February 16, 1912
  - Catalog of available issues online
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card: The Colfax Gazette
  - Holdings: LCCN SN88085460
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401202
  - ISSN Number: 2157-653x
- The Commoner (from 1885)
  - Years of publication: 1885 to 1892
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Commoner
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085463
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401254
- The Gazette-Commoner (from 1932)
  - Years of publication: 1932 to 1958
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Gazette-Commoner
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085459
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401186
- The Weekly Commoner (from 1892)
  - Years of publication: 1892 to 1911
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Weekly Commoner
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085462
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401240
- The Weekly Vidette (from 1883)
  - Years of publication: 1883 to 1884
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Weekly Vidette
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085457
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17401155
- Whitman County Gazette (from 1989)
  - Years of publication: 1989 to current
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Whitman County Gazette
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN92038255
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 26200048
Published In Johnson ...
- The Johnson Optic (from 189?)
  - The first year of publication was in 189?, with an unknown end date
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Johnson Optic
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085474
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404761
Published In Moscow [Latah County] ...
- Idaho Independent (from 1949)
  - Years of publication: 1949 to 1950
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Idaho Independent
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055127
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645814
- Idahonian (from 1974)
  - Years of publication: 1974 to 19??
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Idahonian
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN84002032
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 11449867
- Latah County Journal (from 1904)
  - Years of publication: 1904 to 1905
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Latah County Journal
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055124
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645804
- Latah-Whitman Republic (from 1988)
  - Years of publication: 1988 to current
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Latah-Whitman Republic
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055104
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19384493
- Moscow Democrat (from 1891)
  - Years of publication: 1891 to 1894
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Moscow Democrat
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055120
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645708
- Moscow Evening Journal (from 1905)
  - Years of publication: 1905 to 1908
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Moscow Evening Journal
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055123
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19646224
- Moscow Mirror (from 1881)
  - Years of publication: 1881 to 1903
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Moscow Mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091121
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13191011
- Moscow Weekly Mirror (from 1903)
  - Years of publication: 1903 to 1906
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Moscow Weekly Mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055122
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645987
- North Idaho Star (from 1889)
  - Years of publication: 1889 to 1906
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the North Idaho Star
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055121
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645954
- The Daily News-Review & Daily Star-mirror (from 1939)
  - Published during 1939
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Daily News-Review & Daily Star-mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055125
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19646082
- The Daily News-Review (from 1935)
  - Years of publication: 1935 to 1939
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Daily News-Review
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091118
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13189517
- The Daily Star-mirror (from 1911)
  - Years of publication: 1911 to 1939
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Daily Star-mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055128
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19645725
- The Double Standard (from 1895)
  - Years of publication: 1895 to 1899
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Double Standard
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055119
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19646148
- The Eagle & Boomerang! (from 2009)
  - Years of publication: 2009 to 2010
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Eagle & Boomerang!
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2010200091
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 439918558
- The Idaho Post (from 1906)
  - Years of publication: 1906 to 1935
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Idaho Post
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091116
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13189121
- The Moscow Review And Shopping Guide (from 1933)
  - Published during 1933
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Moscow Review And Shopping Guide
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055130
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19646140
- The Moscow Review (from 1933)
  - Published during 1933
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Moscow Review
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055131
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19684544
- The News-Review (from 1933)
  - Years of publication: 1933 to 1935
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The News-Review
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055129
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19684556
- The Star Of Idaho (from 1887)
  - Years of publication: 1887 to 1889
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Star Of Idaho
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091153
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13148023
- The Star-mirror (from 1935)
  - Years of publication: 1935 to 1936
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Star-mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091117
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13189390
- The Star-mirror (from 1906)
  - Years of publication: 1906 to 1918
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Star-mirror
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN86091120
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 13190866
Published In Colton ...
- The Colton News-Letter (from 1891)
  - Years of publication: 1891 to 1947
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Colton News-Letter
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085470
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404659
- The Colton News-letter (from 1891)
  - Years of publication: 1891 to 1942
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Colton News-letter
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2011252766
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 727383440
- The New Colton News-Letter (from 1981)
  - Years of publication: 1981 to 1983
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The New Colton News-Letter
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085648
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18092099
Published In Palouse ...
- Palouse Republic (from 1897)
  - Years of publication: 1897 to 1976
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Palouse Republic
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085509
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17415983
- The Palouse News (from 1892)
  - Years of publication: 1892 to 1897
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Palouse News
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085487
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17406241
- The Palouse Republican (from 1892)
  - Years of publication: 1892 to 1897
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Palouse Republican
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085510
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17415996
Published In Elberton ...
- The Wheat Belt (from 1892)
  - Years of publication: 1892 to 189?
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Wheat Belt
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN90098875
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 22483053
Published In Uniontown ...
- The Uniontown Gazette (from 1894)
  - Years of publication: 1894 to 1901
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Uniontown Gazette
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085932
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18425661
- The Uniontown Press (from 1902)
  - Years of publication: 1902 to 191?
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Uniontown Press
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085952
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18448475
- Uniontown Journal (from 1920)
  - Years of publication: 1920 to 1969
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Uniontown Journal
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085944
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18439806
Published In Garfield ...
- The Garfield Enterprise (from 1887)
  - Years of publication: 1887 to 1946
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for The Garfield Enterprise
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085507
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17415899
Published In Endicott ...
- Endicott Index (from 1904)
  - Years of publication: 1904 to 1947
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Endicott Index
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085471
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404691
Published In Pomeroy [Garfield County] ...
- East Washingtonian (from 1884)
  - Years of publication: 1884 to ????
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the East Washingtonian
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2011252752
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9788581
- East Washingtonian (from 1884)
  - Years of publication: 1884 to current
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the East Washingtonian
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093171
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17164754
- Garfield County Democrat (from 19??)
  - Years of publication: 19?? to ????
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Garfield County Democrat
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093172
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17164764
- Garfield County News (from 19??)
  - Years of publication: 19?? to ????
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Garfield County News
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093219
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17196881
- Garfield County Standard (from 19??)
  - Years of publication: 19?? to ????
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Garfield County Standard
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2007252509
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 144512078
- Garfield County Standard (from 19??)
  - Years of publication: 19?? to ????
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Garfield County Standard
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093174
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17164790
- Pomeroy Republican (from 1881)
  - Years of publication: 1881 to 1884
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Pomeroy Republican
  - Holdings for: LCCN 2011252751
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 9788494
- Pomeroy Republican (from 1881)
  - Years of publication: 1881 to 1884
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Pomeroy Republican
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093170
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17164746
Published In Troy [Latah County] ...
- Latah County Press (from 1957)
  - Years of publication: 1957 to 1962
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Latah County Press
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN90064103
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19380670
- Troy Weekly News (from 1897)
  - Years of publication: 1897 to 1933
  - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
  - Catalog Card for the Troy Weekly News
  - Holdings for: LCCN SN89055106
  - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 19526365
Continue List (5 more) ...
- Published In Clarkston [Asotin County] ...
  - Clarkston Herald : (from 1973)
    - Years of publication: 1973 to current
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Clarkston Herald :
    - Holdings for: LCCN 2010252797
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 681766755
  - Clarkston Herald (from 1927)
    - Years of publication: 1927 to 1964
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Clarkston Herald
    - Holdings for: LCCN 2010252796
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 42340620
  - Clarkston Herald (from 1973)
    - Years of publication: 1973 to current
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Clarkston Herald
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093017
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16993010
  - Clarkston Herald (from 1927)
    - Years of publication: 1927 to 1964
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Clarkston Herald
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093019
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16993037
  - Clarkston Republic (from 1907)
    - Years of publication: 1907 to 1926
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Clarkston Republic
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085703
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18184273
  - The Asotin County Eagle (from 19??)
    - Published during 19??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Asotin County Eagle
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093014
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16992941
  - The Clarkston American (from 1979)
    - Years of publication: 1979 to 1982
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Clarkston American
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093013
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16992929
  - Valley American (from 1982)
    - Years of publication: 1982 to 1989
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Valley American
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093012
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16992918
  - Valley Herald News (from 1964)
    - Years of publication: 1964 to 1972
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Valley Herald News
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093018
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 16993028
- Published In LaCrosse ...
  - La Crosse Clipper (from 1905)
    - Years of publication: 1905 to 1965
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the La Crosse Clipper
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN87093180
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17195995
  - LaCross Herald (from 1907)
    - Years of publication: 1907 to 191?
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the LaCross Herald
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN90098823
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 22446718
- Published In Oakesdale ...
  - Oakesdale News (from 1900)
    - Years of publication: 1900 to 19??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Oakesdale News
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085479
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404849
  - Oakesdale Tidings (from 19??)
    - Published during 19??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Oakesdale Tidings
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085480
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404855
  - The Oakedales Weekly Sun (from 18??)
    - Published during 18??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Oakedales Weekly Sun
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085476
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404776
  - The Oakesdale Tribune (from 1889)
    - Years of publication: 1889 to 194?
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Oakesdale Tribune
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN90098824
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 22446792
  - The Oakesdale Tribune (from 1946)
    - Published during 1946
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Oakesdale Tribune
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085481
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404912
  - The Observer (from 1891)
    - The first year of publication was in 1891, with an unknown end date
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Observer
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085483
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404922
- Published In Farmington ...
  - Farmington Forum (from 1892)
    - Years of publication: 1892 to 1895
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Farmington Forum
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085940
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18439642
  - Farmington Register (from 1888)
    - Years of publication: 1888 to 18??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Farmington Register
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085942
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18439749
  - Farmington Times (from 1921)
    - Years of publication: 1921 to 1923
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for the Farmington Times
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085473
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404742
  - The Farmington Independent (from 1908)
    - Years of publication: 1908 to 1920
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Farmington Independent
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085935
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18435592
  - The Farmington News (from 1925)
    - Years of publication: 1925 to 19??
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Farmington News
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085472
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 17404713
  - The Farmington Post (from 1929)
    - Years of publication: 1929 to 1943
    - Locate a copy thru the Library of Congress:
    - Catalog Card for The Farmington Post
    - Holdings for: LCCN SN88085943
    - Locate a copy thru WorldCat: OCLC 18439772
- Published In Lewiston [Nez Perce County] ...
  - We know of 29 newspapers that have been published in the vicinity of Lewiston. The list of those papers is too long to repeat here, but can be found on the Local Newspaper Page for Lewiston
  - We have an extended list that contains all the papers within 28 miles [45.1 km]<1> of Union Center. This extended list includes all the papers from Lewiston. The list is sorted by the paper's name. This merged list can be found on the Extended Newspaper Page for Union Center

Off-the-Road Links ...

The official website for Chronicling America

Unfortunately, we don't know of an official website for Union Center. If you can help, please contact us through our Feedback Page.

The official website for Whitman County: www.whitmancounty.org/

The official website for State of Washington: https://access.wa.gov/

Footnotes ...

<1>

Our distances are not driving distances, but are calculated as a 'point-to-point' distance. A straight line distance ignores things like rivers, canyons, lakes, et cetera - it's truly a line drawn from Point A (ie- Union Center) to Point B.Our distance measurements begin at a specific point in Union Center. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 46.7432, Longitude: -117.3318 In this case, the coordinates for Union Center have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).